{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:17:46Z","timestamp":1760059066106,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Basic Science Research Program of the Korean National","award":["2022R1A6A3A01087626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A6A3A01087626"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022R1A6A3A01087626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A6A3A01087626"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Saponaria officinalis L., a plant rich in saponins, has long been used as a natural surfactant. It has traditionally been used for its cleansing and anti-inflammatory properties in the treatment of various skin conditions, including eczema, psoriasis, and acne. In this study, we investigated the potential of S. officinalis callus (SC), mass-produced via plant tissue culture, as a novel exfoliating cosmetic ingredient. The callus was induced using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1 mg\/L 2,4-D, and the resulting extract (SCE) was analyzed via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), confirming the presence of saponarin\u2014a bioactive compound with known anti-inflammatory properties. In vitro assays demonstrated that SCE significantly suppressed nitric oxide production and reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, including iNOS, COX-2, TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-6, in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. The foaming ability and stability of SC and SCE were also comparable to commercial surfactants. Clinical studies further supported the material\u2019s cosmetic potential: a skin patch test in 30 volunteers revealed no signs of irritation (mean score: 0.28), while a desquamation index assessment in 21 participants showed a significant reduction of 44.07%, confirming its exfoliating efficacy. Taken together, these results suggest that the SC scrub is a safe, eco-friendly, and sustainable alternative to synthetic exfoliating agents, offering functional and industrial advantages for cosmetic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14101535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T08:41:12Z","timestamp":1747730472000},"page":"1535","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of Saponin-Rich Callus from Saponaria officinalis L. as a Novel Scrub Material with Significant Exfoliating and Anti-Inflammatory Effects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ga-Ram","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostics, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang-si 10326, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang-si 10326, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"TOPO Lab., Co., Ltd., Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Da-Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TOPO Lab., Co., Ltd., Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyuck","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TOPO Lab., Co., Ltd., Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3179-9439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-Woo","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostics, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang-si 10326, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang-si 10326, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"TOPO Lab., Co., Ltd., Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4062","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48226-z","article-title":"Three stepwise pH progressions in stratum corneum for homeostatic maintenance of the skin","volume":"15","author":"Fukuda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. 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