{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T20:30:29Z","timestamp":1779136229838,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Research Deanship at University of Ha\u2019il\u2014Saudi Arabia","award":["RG-24159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG-24159"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The effects of temperature, time, and solvent concentration on the yield of bioactive compounds (BCs) with cytotoxic activity against three cell lines (Hep2c, RD, and L2OB) from Erica carnea L., as well as their influence on kinetic and thermodynamic parameters (enthalpy, entropy, and free energy), were investigated. The extract obtained at 30% ethanol, 50 \u00b0C, and 80 min showed the highest cytotoxic activity with IC50 values of 14.29, 13.93, and 22.23 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively. The kinetics of BC extraction with cytotoxic activity was better described by the unsteady-state diffusion model compared to the Ponomarev model. The activation energy obtained was in the range of Ea = (4.92\u201326.57) kJ\/mol. The thermodynamic parameters under transition theory at 50 \u00b0C were \u2206S* = (\u2212220.22)\u2013(\u2212285.15) J\/Kmol, \u2206H* = (2.24\u201323.88) kJ\/mol, and \u2206G* = (94.34\u201396.30) kJ\/mol, indicating that the extraction of BCs with cytotoxic activity against the three cell lines is an irreversible and endothermic process. In addition to cytotoxic activity, the extracts demonstrated strong antioxidant activity (e.g., DPPH IC50 = 16.55 \u00b5g\/mL) and antibacterial activity against multiple bacterial strains. Five antioxidant assays were applied, along with tests against eight bacterial strains for antibacterial activity. These findings suggest that Erica carnea L. is a promising natural source of multifunctional bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14111679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T03:19:38Z","timestamp":1748834378000},"page":"1679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Unveiling Cytotoxic Bioactive Compounds from Erica carnea L.: Extraction Optimization, Kinetic Modeling, and Biological Activity Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2180-8303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Violeta","family":"Jevtovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, College of Science, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 81451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2971-7593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khulood Fahad Saud","family":"Alabbosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, College of Science, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 81451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reem Ali","family":"Alyami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, College of Science, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 81451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0024-4459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maha Raghyan","family":"Alshammari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, College of Science, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 81451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Badriah","family":"Alshammari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, College of Science, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 81451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pavle","family":"Ma\u0161kovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Kragujevac, Cara Du\u0161ana 34, 32102 \u010ca\u010dak, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jelena","family":"Ma\u0161kovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Kragujevac, Cara Du\u0161ana 34, 32102 \u010ca\u010dak, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9351-331X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelena","family":"Nikoli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Ni\u0161, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milan","family":"Miti\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Ni\u0161, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2019.102255","article-title":"Prevalence of use and reported side effects of herbal medicine among adults in Saudi Arabia","volume":"48","author":"Alkhamaisah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Complement. 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