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This study investigates the molecular basis of natural white flower formation through comparative analysis of purple- and white-flowered variants across bud, post-bud, and blooming stages. Histological examination revealed anthocyanin accumulation restricted to two to three upper epidermal cell layers in purple petals, while white petals showed complete pigment absence. Transcriptome profiling coupled with RT-qPCR validation identified eleven differentially expressed structural genes in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Notably, AgDFR expression remained undetectable across all white-flower developmental stages. Sequence analysis demonstrated identical 3030 bp promoter regions of AgDFR between two variants, while white-flower AgDFR coding sequences contained over 107 bp insertion after the 330th nucleotide, causing premature translation termination. Molecular marker validation confirmed the presence of a diagnostic 472 bp fragment in all colored variants (13 purple\/pink lines) and its absence in white phenotypes. This study establishes that insertional mutagenesis in AgDFR\u2019s coding region underlies natural white flower in A. graminifolia. The developed molecular marker enables reliable differentiation of white-flowered variants from pigmented counterparts, providing valuable tools for germplasm management and breeding programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14111680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T03:19:38Z","timestamp":1748834378000},"page":"1680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Fragment Insertion of AgDFR Results in a White Flower Phenotype in Arundina graminifolia (Orchidaceae)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5381-6845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Institute of Environmental Horticulture, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6920-7697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yonglu","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Institute of Environmental Horticulture, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianpeng","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Institute of Environmental Horticulture, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Institute of Environmental Horticulture, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Institute of Environmental Horticulture, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fengxi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Institute of Environmental Horticulture, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Genfa","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Institute of Environmental Horticulture, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s12374-022-09352-7","article-title":"Integrative metabolomic and transcriptome analysis reveal the differential mechanisms of spot color in the lips of Dendrobium chrysotoxum","volume":"66","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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