{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T22:28:22Z","timestamp":1774477702311,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Open Project of Ningbo Key Laboratory of Characteristic Horticultural Crops in Quality Adjustment and Resistance Breeding","award":["NBYYL20230003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NBYYL20230003"]}]},{"name":"the Open Project of Ningbo Key Laboratory of Characteristic Horticultural Crops in Quality Adjustment and Resistance Breeding","award":["2024Z268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024Z268"]}]},{"name":"the Open Project of Ningbo Key Laboratory of Characteristic Horticultural Crops in Quality Adjustment and Resistance Breeding","award":["[2023]TS 03-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2023]TS 03-1"]}]},{"name":"The Key Research and Development Program of Ningbo","award":["NBYYL20230003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NBYYL20230003"]}]},{"name":"The Key Research and Development Program of Ningbo","award":["2024Z268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024Z268"]}]},{"name":"The Key Research and Development Program of Ningbo","award":["[2023]TS 03-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2023]TS 03-1"]}]},{"name":"Central Funded Forestry Science and Technology Promotion Demonstration Project","award":["NBYYL20230003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NBYYL20230003"]}]},{"name":"Central Funded Forestry Science and Technology Promotion Demonstration Project","award":["2024Z268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024Z268"]}]},{"name":"Central Funded Forestry Science and Technology Promotion Demonstration Project","award":["[2023]TS 03-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2023]TS 03-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ilex vomitoria Ait. is a star substitute for \u201ctea\u201d in recent years. At present, research on I. vomitoria mainly focuses on its breeding and cultivation, and there are few reports on the seasonal changes of important components such as leaf nutrients. This study focuses on the leaves of the topmost annual branches of I. vomitoria. Leaves were harvested at different stages, and the nutrient elements, antioxidant substances, antioxidant capacity, and aroma components in the leaves were measured and analyzed. The results showed that the content of mineral elements, soluble sugars, vitamin C, amino acids, flavonoids, polyphenols, saponins, caffeine, and catechins, as well as the DPPH free radical scavenging ability, ABTS cation free radical scavenging ability, and FRAP iron ion reduction ability in the leaves of I. vomitoria showed significant differences with seasonal changes. The mineral element content in spring leaves is relatively high. Flavonoids and polyphenols are the main antioxidant substances in the leaves of I. vomitoria, indicating that the antioxidant capacity of spring leaves is the strongest. The content of aroma components in the leaves of I. vomitoria in spring is the highest, with alcohols ranging from 54.93% to 66.08%, followed by ketones from 17.63% to 48.07%, and aldehydes from 21.27% to 38.51%. Overall, spring leaves are more suitable for harvesting, development, and utilization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14131919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T04:50:05Z","timestamp":1750654205000},"page":"1919","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Seasonal Dynamic Changes in the Nutrient Elements and Antioxidant Activity of Ilex vomitoria Leaf"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Luqiong","family":"Sha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yilin","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6185-5641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bingsong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianhong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo 315000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daoliang","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"48","article-title":"A New Framework for the Research of Tea Consumption: Based on the Two-way change of Tea Drinking Habit","volume":"46","author":"Guan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tea Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2011.07.042","article-title":"Evaluation to the antioxidant activity of total flavonoids extract from persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) leaves","volume":"49","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem. 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