{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:26:16Z","timestamp":1778199976698,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004916","name":"FAPEAM","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01.02.016301.03325\/2021-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.02.016301.03325\/2021-10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004916","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004916","name":"FAPEAM","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["443823\/2024-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["443823\/2024-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004916","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["01.02.016301.03325\/2021-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.02.016301.03325\/2021-10"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["443823\/2024-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["443823\/2024-3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Miraruira is a medicinal plant-based product (MPBP) that is widely used in the state of Amazonas for the treatment of diabetes, though its botanical identity remains unclear, which raises concerns about authenticity and therapeutic consistency. One solution to this problem is the use of mass spectrometry-based approaches, which have emerged as powerful tools for verifying botanical origin based on chemical composition. Thus, to confirm the botanical authenticity of miraruira, direct-injection mass spectrometry (DI-MS) and chemometric analyses (PCA and HCA) were conducted on methanol fractions of Salacia impressifolia and Connarus ruber, both suspected sources of miraruira, as well as commercial samples obtained in street markets in Manaus, Brazil. Additionally, the hexane extracts of C. ruber and the commercial samples were screened for benzoquinones using DI-MS, as these compounds are recurrent in the genus Connarus. The DI-MS and PCA analyses revealed distinct chemical profiles for each species, and identified mangiferin and epicatechin as chemical markers for S. impressifolia and C. ruber, respectively. Furthermore, PCA demonstrated that all the commercial samples exhibited chemical profiles closely aligned with C. ruber. However, the HCA indicated variability among these samples, suggesting C. ruber or related Connarus species are the primary sources of miraruira. Moreover, embelin, rapanone, and suberonone were identified as the main compounds in the hexane extracts of C. ruber and the commercial products. This study successfully confirmed the botanical authenticity of miraruira, identified key bioactive compounds related to its traditional use in the treatment of diabetes symptoms, and demonstrated the effectiveness of DI-MS as a valuable tool for addressing authenticity issues in MPBPs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14132012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T05:28:28Z","timestamp":1751347708000},"page":"2012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Botanical Authenticity of Miraruira Sold in the Amazonas State, Brazil, Based on Chemical Profiling Using DI-MS and Chemometric Analyses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Shelson M. da R.","family":"Braga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus 69080-900, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felipe M. A.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus 69080-900, AM, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro de Apoio Multidisciplinar, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus 69080-900, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6643-9268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovana A.","family":"Bataglion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus 69080-900, AM, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus 69080-900, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcia G. A.","family":"de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus 69080-900, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Larissa O.","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Apoio Multidisciplinar, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus 69080-900, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebeca dos S.","family":"Fran\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus 69080-900, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6196-9672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesar A. S.","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus 69080-900, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7700-5514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francinaldo A.","family":"da Silva-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Apoio Multidisciplinar, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus 69080-900, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Afonso D. L.","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus 69080-900, AM, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro de Apoio Multidisciplinar, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus 69080-900, AM, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus 69080-900, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hector H. F.","family":"Koolen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus 69080-900, AM, Brazil"},{"name":"Escola Superior de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus 69065-130, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria L. B.","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus 69080-900, AM, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro de Apoio Multidisciplinar, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus 69080-900, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.11.008","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo anti-leukemia activity of the stem bark of Salacia impressifolia (Miers) A.C. Smith (Celastraceae)","volume":"231","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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