{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:21:14Z","timestamp":1791919274536,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]],"date-time":"2025-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","award":["NNX10AP91G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX10AP91G"]}]},{"name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","award":["NNH18ZHA004C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNH18ZHA004C"]}]},{"name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","award":["80NSSC17K0344"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC17K0344"]}]},{"name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","award":["NNX15AG56G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX15AG56G"]}]},{"name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","award":["#1015621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1015621"]}]},{"name":"NASA","award":["NNX10AP91G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX10AP91G"]}]},{"name":"NASA","award":["NNH18ZHA004C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNH18ZHA004C"]}]},{"name":"NASA","award":["80NSSC17K0344"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC17K0344"]}]},{"name":"NASA","award":["NNX15AG56G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX15AG56G"]}]},{"name":"NASA","award":["#1015621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1015621"]}]},{"name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture","award":["NNX10AP91G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX10AP91G"]}]},{"name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture","award":["NNH18ZHA004C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNH18ZHA004C"]}]},{"name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture","award":["80NSSC17K0344"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC17K0344"]}]},{"name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture","award":["NNX15AG56G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX15AG56G"]}]},{"name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture","award":["#1015621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1015621"]}]},{"name":"Arthur and Katie Eisig-Tode Endowment Fund","award":["NNX10AP91G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX10AP91G"]}]},{"name":"Arthur and Katie Eisig-Tode Endowment Fund","award":["NNH18ZHA004C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNH18ZHA004C"]}]},{"name":"Arthur and Katie Eisig-Tode Endowment Fund","award":["80NSSC17K0344"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC17K0344"]}]},{"name":"Arthur and Katie Eisig-Tode Endowment Fund","award":["NNX15AG56G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX15AG56G"]}]},{"name":"Arthur and Katie Eisig-Tode Endowment Fund","award":["#1015621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1015621"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The quest to establish permanent outposts in space, the Moon, and Mars requires growing plants for nutrition, water purification, and carbon\/nutrient recycling, as well as the psychological well-being of crews and personnel on extra-terrestrial platforms\/outposts. To achieve these essential goals, the safety, quality, and sustainability of plant material grown in space should be comparable to Earth-grown crops. In this study, radish plants were grown at 2500 ppm CO2 in two successive grow-outs on the International Space Station and at similar CO2 partial pressure at the Kennedy Space Center. An additional control experiment was performed at the University of Louisiana Lafayette laboratory, at ambient CO2. Subsequent analyses of glucosinolate and sugar species and content showed that regardless of growth condition, glucoraphasatin, glucoraphenin, glucoerucin, glucobrassicin, 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin, and three aliphatic GSLs tentatively assigned to 3-methylpentyl GSL, 4-methylpentyl GSL, and n-hexyl GSL were present in all examined plants. The most common sugars were fructose, glucose, and sucrose, but some plants also contained galactose, maltose, rhamnose, and trehalose. The variability of individual secondary metabolite abundances was not related to gravity conditions but appeared more sensitive to CO2 concentration. No indication was found that radish cultivation in space resulted in stress(es) that increased glucosinolate secondary metabolism. Flavor and nutrient components in space-grown plants were comparable to cultivation on Earth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14132063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T02:53:07Z","timestamp":1751856787000},"page":"2063","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Glucosinolate and Sugar Profiles in Space-Grown Radish"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4653-1678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl H.","family":"Hasenstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, University of Louisiana Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504-3602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed G. A.","family":"Moinuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7411, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Berim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7411, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence B.","family":"Davin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7411, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norman G.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7411, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.17.01766","article-title":"Reduced Arogenate Dehydratase Expression: Ramifications for Photosynthesis and Metabolism","volume":"177","author":"Marques","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(02)00935-8","article-title":"Eating in Space\u2014From an Astronaut\u2019s Perspective","volume":"18","author":"Kerwin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0963-9969(98)00105-7","article-title":"Flavour and pharmaceutical properties of the volatile sulphur compounds of Wasabi (Wasabia japonica)","volume":"31","author":"Depree","year":"1999","journal-title":"Food Res. 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