{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T20:56:03Z","timestamp":1790456163115,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,13]],"date-time":"2025-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"Researchers Supporting Project, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RSP2025R374"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP2025R374"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are eco-friendly and sustainable options for agrochemicals, particularly for enhancing crop productivity under stress conditions. The present research aims to isolate and characterize native PGPR from tomato rhizospheric soil and to evaluate their effectiveness as a dose-dependent response to enhance the growth of tomato seedlings. Out of 112 isolates, 10 bacterial strains were selected based on key PGPR traits, including indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), ammonia production, hydrogen cyanide (HCN), exopolysaccharide (EPS) synthesis, hydrolytic enzyme activity, potassium solubilization, antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum, and tolerance to pH and heat stress. Molecular identification via 16S rRNA gene sequencing confirmed that these isolates belong to the genera Serratia and Enterobacter. S. marcescens So-1 and Enterobacter sp. So-12 produced the highest levels of IAA (2.6\u201324.1 \u00b5g\/mL). In vitro tomato seed germination tests using bacterial suspensions at three concentrations (106, 107, and 108 CFU\/mL) showed dose-dependent improvements, with T1 increasing germination up to 108.3% compared to the control. In polyhouse trials using cocopeat formulations, seedling growth improved noticeably. T2 increased the root length (28.3 \u00b1 2.98 cm) by over 1560%, and the shoot length (35.7 \u00b1 0.57 cm) increased by 55% against the control, whose root length is 1.7 \u00b1 0.47. The chlorophyll amount of the treated leaves further showed significant results over the control. Collectively, these findings suggest that using native PGPR in a dose-dependent way can help tomato seedlings grow better and promote more sustainable crop production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14142154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T07:54:23Z","timestamp":1752479663000},"page":"2154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Evaluation of Stress-Tolerant Serratia and Enterobacter as PGPR for Nutrient Solubilization and Dose-Dependent Bioformulation to Enhance Tomato Seedlings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Indu","family":"Bhardwaj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Career Point University, Hamirpur 176041, Himachal Pradesh, India"},{"name":"Department of MLT, Abhilashi University, Chailchowk, Mandi 175028, Himachal Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somvir","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arti Jamwal","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio Science, Career Point University, Hamirpur 176041, Himachal Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shikha","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Career Point University, Hamirpur 176041, Himachal Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nidhi","family":"Bhardwaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Advanced Innovation Technologies, V\u0160B-Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3661-5205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kanika","family":"Dulta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Advanced Innovation Technologies, V\u0160B-Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4351-8291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas","family":"Peter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Advanced Innovation Technologies, V\u0160B-Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richa","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of MLT, Abhilashi University, Chailchowk, Mandi 175028, Himachal Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla 171005, Himachal Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0189-6972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yogesh K.","family":"Ahlawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India"},{"name":"Allied Health Sciences, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha 442107, Maharashtra, India"},{"name":"Centre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anurag","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research and Innovation, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 24800, Uttarakhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad K.","family":"Okla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8068-741X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Porcel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biolog\u00eda Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9087-3838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Mulet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biolog\u00eda Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karthikeyan","family":"Jayabalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3390\/bacteria3020005","article-title":"Role of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as a plant growth enhancer for sustainable agriculture: A review","volume":"3","author":"Hasan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bacteria"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1007\/s41204-023-00336-7","article-title":"A glimpse into the performance and synthesis of microbial nanoparticles and its new advances in soil enrichment and plant nutrition: A review","volume":"8","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. 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