{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T14:41:30Z","timestamp":1783608090638,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP)","award":["CN_00000033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CN_00000033"]}]},{"name":"National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP)","award":["CUP UNIPA B73C22000790001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP UNIPA B73C22000790001"]}]},{"name":"National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP)","award":["CUP UNISA D43C22001260001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP UNISA D43C22001260001"]}]},{"name":"National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP)","award":["P2022CKMPW_002\u2014CUP B53D23025620001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2022CKMPW_002\u2014CUP B53D23025620001"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research funded by the European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["CN_00000033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CN_00000033"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research funded by the European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["CUP UNIPA B73C22000790001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP UNIPA B73C22000790001"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research funded by the European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["CUP UNISA D43C22001260001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP UNISA D43C22001260001"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research funded by the European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["P2022CKMPW_002\u2014CUP B53D23025620001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2022CKMPW_002\u2014CUP B53D23025620001"]}]},{"name":"University of Palermo","award":["CN_00000033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CN_00000033"]}]},{"name":"University of Palermo","award":["CUP UNIPA B73C22000790001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP UNIPA B73C22000790001"]}]},{"name":"University of Palermo","award":["CUP UNISA D43C22001260001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP UNISA D43C22001260001"]}]},{"name":"University of Palermo","award":["P2022CKMPW_002\u2014CUP B53D23025620001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2022CKMPW_002\u2014CUP B53D23025620001"]}]},{"name":"University of Salerno","award":["CN_00000033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CN_00000033"]}]},{"name":"University of Salerno","award":["CUP UNIPA B73C22000790001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP UNIPA B73C22000790001"]}]},{"name":"University of Salerno","award":["CUP UNISA D43C22001260001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP UNISA D43C22001260001"]}]},{"name":"University of Salerno","award":["P2022CKMPW_002\u2014CUP B53D23025620001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2022CKMPW_002\u2014CUP B53D23025620001"]}]},{"name":"Progetto Finanziato da Next Generation EU PNRR","award":["CN_00000033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CN_00000033"]}]},{"name":"Progetto Finanziato da Next Generation EU PNRR","award":["CUP UNIPA B73C22000790001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP UNIPA B73C22000790001"]}]},{"name":"Progetto Finanziato da Next Generation EU PNRR","award":["CUP UNISA D43C22001260001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP UNISA D43C22001260001"]}]},{"name":"Progetto Finanziato da Next Generation EU PNRR","award":["P2022CKMPW_002\u2014CUP B53D23025620001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2022CKMPW_002\u2014CUP B53D23025620001"]}]},{"name":"Programma Nazionale di Ricerca e Progetti di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale (PRIN)","award":["CN_00000033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CN_00000033"]}]},{"name":"Programma Nazionale di Ricerca e Progetti di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale (PRIN)","award":["CUP UNIPA B73C22000790001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP UNIPA B73C22000790001"]}]},{"name":"Programma Nazionale di Ricerca e Progetti di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale (PRIN)","award":["CUP UNISA D43C22001260001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP UNISA D43C22001260001"]}]},{"name":"Programma Nazionale di Ricerca e Progetti di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale (PRIN)","award":["P2022CKMPW_002\u2014CUP B53D23025620001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2022CKMPW_002\u2014CUP B53D23025620001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the limited scientific exploration of Argania spinosa (L.) skeel husk, this study presents the first investigation of the metabolite profile of methanol and acetone extracts analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization and high-resolution multistage mass spectrometry (LC-ESI\/HRMSMS). A total of 43 compounds, including hydroxycinnamic acid and flavonoid derivatives, saponins, and triterpenic acids, were identified, some of which have not been previously reported in this species. The total phenols (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC) content were spectrophotometrically determined. A multi-target approach was applied to investigate the antioxidant potential using 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), \u03b2-carotene bleaching, and Ferric Reducing Ability Power (FRAP) tests. Carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes and lipase inhibitory activities were also assessed. The acetone extract exhibited the highest TPC and TFC values, resulting in being the most active in \u03b2-carotene bleaching test with IC50 values of 26.68 and 13.82 \u00b5g\/mL, after 30 and 60 min of incubation, respectively. Moreover, it was the most active against both \u03b1-glucosidase and \u03b1-amylase enzymes with IC50 values of 12.37 and 18.93 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively. These results pointed out that this by-product is a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals potentially useful for prevention of type 2 diabetes and obesity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14152288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T15:19:22Z","timestamp":1753370362000},"page":"2288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Phytochemical Profile and Functional Properties of the Husk of Argania spinosa (L.) Skeel"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Antonietta","family":"Cerulli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7961-3894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natale","family":"Badalamenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7774-6172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Sottile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca \u201cRiutilizzo Bio-Based Degli Scarti da Matrici Agroalimentari\u201d (RIVIVE), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0583-0487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca \u201cRiutilizzo Bio-Based Degli Scarti da Matrici Agroalimentari\u201d (RIVIVE), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4998-2311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Piacente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"},{"name":"National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Ilardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3713-4403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Tundis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7252-7340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Pino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6050-9357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica Rosa","family":"Loizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"101770","article-title":"A review on the utilization of the by-products generated during the production of Argan oil","volume":"20","author":"Hallouch","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. 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