{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:33:33Z","timestamp":1790786013827,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development, and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-137\/2025-03\/200113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-137\/2025-03\/200113"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development, and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) fruits represent the recognized wellspring of bioactive compounds with various documented bioactivities. Although bilberry leaves are often treated as industrial by-products, they also represent a valuable source of phytochemicals with potential dermocosmetic applications. In this study, extracts of bilberry fruits and leaves were prepared using both conventional solvents (water and 50% ethanol) and natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) as green, biodegradable alternatives. The aim of this study was to examine the UV protective activity and inhibitory potential of those extracts against some enzymes (tyrosinase, hyaluronidase, collagenase) that are important in terms of skin conditioning and skin aging. The results of in vitro tests have shown the superiority of NaDES extracts compared to conventional extracts regarding all tested bioactivities. In addition, bilberry leaves extracts were more potent compared to fruit extracts in all cases. The most potent extract was bilberry leaf extract made with malic acid\u2013glycerol, which exhibited strong anti-tyrosinase (IC50 = 3.52 \u00b1 0.26 mg\/mL), anti-hyaluronidase (IC50 = 3.23 \u00b1 0.30 mg\/mL), and anti-collagenase (IC50 = 1.84 \u00b1 0.50 mg\/mL) activities. The correlation analysis revealed correlation between UV protective and anti-tyrosinase, UV protective and anti-collagenase as well as between anti-hyaluronidase and anti-collagenase activity. UV protection and anti-tyrosinase activity correlated significantly with chlorogenic acid and hyperoside contents in extracts. The extracts with the best activities also demonstrated a good safety profile in a 24 h in vivo study on human volunteers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14152374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T10:48:08Z","timestamp":1754304488000},"page":"2374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Preliminary Analysis of Bilberry NaDES Extracts as Versatile Active Ingredients of Natural Dermocosmetic Products: In Vitro Evaluation of Anti-Tyrosinase, Anti-Hyaluronidase, Anti-Collagenase, and UV Protective Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3648-5631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milica","family":"Martinovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ni\u0161, Boulevard Dr. Zorana Djindji\u0107a 81, 18108 Nis, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Ne\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ni\u0161, Boulevard Dr. Zorana Djindji\u0107a 81, 18108 Nis, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7722-6169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"\u017dugi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Institute for Medicinal Plant Research \u201cDr. Josif Pan\u010di\u0107\u201d, Tadeu\u0161a Koscu\u0161ka 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1761-604X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanja M.","family":"Tadi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Institute for Medicinal Plant Research \u201cDr. Josif Pan\u010di\u0107\u201d, Tadeu\u0161a Koscu\u0161ka 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.5380\/dma.v53i0.62322","article-title":"Green Cosmetics: Perspectives and Challenges in the Context of Green Chemistry","volume":"53","author":"Franca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Desenvolv. Meio Ambiente"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoang, H.T., Moon, J.-Y., and Lee, Y.-C. (2021). Natural Antioxidants from Plant Extracts in Skincare Cosmetics: Recent Applications, Challenges and Perspectives. Cosmetics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics8040106"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elferjane, M.R., Milutinovi\u0107, V., Jovanovi\u0107 Krivoku\u0107a, M., Taherzadeh, M.J., Pietrzak, W., Marinkovi\u0107, A., and Jovanovi\u0107, A.A. (2024). Vaccinium myrtillus L. Leaf Waste as a Source of Biologically Potent Compounds: Optimization of Polyphenol Extractions, Chemical Profile, and Biological Properties of the Extracts. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16060740"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tadi\u0107, V.M., Ne\u0161i\u0107, I., Martinovi\u0107, M., R\u00f3j, E., Bra\u0161anac-Vukanovi\u0107, S., Maksimovi\u0107, S., and \u017dugi\u0107, A. (2021). Old Plant, New Possibilities: Wild Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L., Ericaceae) in Topical Skin Preparation. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10030465"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kukula-Koch, W., Dycha, N., Lechwar, P., Lasota, M., Oko\u0144, E., Szczeblewski, P., Wawruszak, A., Tarabasz, D., Hubert, J., and Wilko\u0142ek, P. (2024). Vaccinium Species\u2014Unexplored Sources of Active Constituents for Cosmeceuticals. Biomolecules, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14091110"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2025, March 19). CosIng-Cosmetics-GROWTH\u2014European Commission. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/growth\/tools-databases\/cosing."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hikmawanti, N.P.E., Ramadon, D., Jantan, I., and Mun\u2019im, A. (2021). Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES): Phytochemical Extraction Performance Enhancer for Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Product Development. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10102091"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2025.125509","article-title":"Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) in Drug Delivery Systems: Characteristics, Applications, and Future Perspectives","volume":"675","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinovi\u0107, M., Krgovi\u0107, N., Ne\u0161i\u0107, I., \u017dugi\u0107, A., and Tadi\u0107, V.M. (2022). Conventional vs. Green Extraction Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents\u2014Differences in the Composition of Soluble Unbound Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11112295"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cruz, A.M., Gon\u00e7alves, M.C., Marques, M.S., Veiga, F., Paiva-Santos, A.C., and Pires, P.C. (2023). In Vitro Models for Anti-Aging Efficacy Assessment: A Critical Update in Dermocosmetic Research. Cosmetics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics10020066"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-022-01598-8","article-title":"Photoaging: UV Radiation-Induced Inflammation and Immunosuppression Accelerate the Aging Process in the Skin","volume":"71","author":"Salminen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"2273","article-title":"Photoprotection Strategies with Antioxidant Extracts: A New Vision","volume":"9","author":"Ayad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palos-Hern\u00e1ndez, A., Gonz\u00e1lez-Param\u00e1s, A.M., and Santos-Buelga, C. (2025). Latest Advances in Green Extraction of Polyphenols from Plants, Foods and Food By-Products. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30010055"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jovanovi\u0107, M.S., Krgovi\u0107, N., \u017divkovi\u0107, J., Stevi\u0107, T., Zduni\u0107, G., Bigovi\u0107, D., and \u0160avikin, K. (2022). Ultrasound-Assisted Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents Extraction of Bilberry Anthocyanins: Optimization, Bioactivities, and Storage Stability. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11202680"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2020.103470","article-title":"Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents as a Biocompatible Tool for the Extraction of Blueberry Anthocyanins","volume":"89","author":"Pauletto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grillo, G., Gunjevi\u0107, V., Rado\u0161evi\u0107, K., Redovnikovi\u0107, I.R., and Cravotto, G. (2020). Deep Eutectic Solvents and Nonconventional Technologies for Blueberry-Peel Extraction: Kinetics, Anthocyanin Stability, and Antiproliferative Activity. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9111069"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_17.1","unstructured":"The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union (2009). Regulation"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_17.2","unstructured":"(EC) No. 1223\/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on Cosmetic Products. Off. J. Eur. Union L, 342, 59-209."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos-Mart\u00edn, M., Cubero-Cardoso, J., Gonz\u00e1lez-Dom\u00ednguez, R., Cort\u00e9s-Trivi\u00f1o, E., Sayago, A., Urbano, J., and Fern\u00e1ndez-Recamales, \u00c1. (2023). Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Blueberry Leaves Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) for the Valorization of Agrifood Wastes. Biomass Bioenergy, 175.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2023.106882"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2016.09.015","article-title":"The Skin Aging Exposome","volume":"85","author":"Krutmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12377","article-title":"Factors affecting SPF in vitro measurement and correlation with in vivo results","volume":"39","author":"Manfredini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5507\/bp.2020.010","article-title":"Ultraviolet A Protective Potential of Plant Extracts and Phytochemicals","volume":"164","author":"Skarupova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pap."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2014.01.013","article-title":"Protective Effect of Vaccinium myrtillus Extract against UVA- and UVB-Induced Damage in a Human Keratinocyte Cell Line (HaCaT Cells)","volume":"132","author":"Marabini","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.5520330402","article-title":"Bilberry Extract Reduces UVA-induced Oxidative Stress in HaCaT Keratinocytes: A Pilot Study","volume":"33","year":"2008","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2020.110784","article-title":"Composition, Sun Protective and Antimicrobial Activity of Lipophilic Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and Lingonberry (Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea L.) Extract Fractions","volume":"138","author":"Klavins","year":"2021","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scp.2021.100515","article-title":"Effect of Nanoencapsulation of Blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus): A Green Source of Flavonoids with Antioxidant and Photoprotective Properties","volume":"23","author":"Franco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Chem. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-003-1161-x","article-title":"Activation of Flavonoid Biosynthesis by Solar Radiation in Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) Leaves","volume":"218","author":"Jaakola","year":"2004","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12940","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules190912940","article-title":"Effect of Chlorogenic Acid on Melanogenesis of B16 Melanoma Cells","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.110754","article-title":"Spectrum-Effect Relationship of Antioxidant and Tyrosinase Activity with Malus Pumila Flowers by UPLC-MS\/MS and Component Knock-out Method","volume":"133","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2015.03.009","article-title":"Quercetin-3-O-\u03b2-d-Glucopyranosyl-(1 \u2192 6)-\u03b2-d-Glucopyranoside Suppresses Melanin Synthesis by Augmenting P38 MAPK and CREB Signaling Pathways and Subsequent cAMP down-Regulation in Murine Melanoma Cells","volume":"22","author":"Jung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1080\/073911012010525028","article-title":"An Integrated Study of Tyrosinase Inhibition by Rutin: Progress Using a Computational Simulation","volume":"29","author":"Si","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pohntadavit, K., Duangmano, S., Osiriphan, M., Leksawasdi, N., Techapun, C., Sumonsiri, N., Sommano, S.R., Rachtanapun, P., Nunta, R., and Khemacheewakul, J. (2024). Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity of Crude Procyanidin Extract from Green Soybean Seed and the Stability of Bioactive Compounds in an Anti-Aging Skin Care Formulation. Cosmetics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics11050178"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y.-P., Li, M., Liu, Z., Wu, J., Chen, F., and Zhang, S. (2025). Inhibition of Tyrosinase and Melanogenesis by Carboxylic Acids: Mechanistic Insights and Safety Evaluation. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30071642"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, L., He, Q., Xu, M., Chen, F.-F., Li, F., and Chen, Y.-P. (2024). Unveiling Acetobacter Syzygii from Tibetan Kefir Grain: Fermentation-Enhanced Anti-Tyrosinase, and Anti-Melanin. Fermentation, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation10090459"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.4314\/tjpr.v13i2.12","article-title":"Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity and Thermostability of the Flavonoid Complex from Sophora Japonica L. (Fabaceae)","volume":"13","author":"Lai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4187","DOI":"10.1039\/C7FO01205E","article-title":"Anthocyanin Profile, Antioxidant Activity and Enzyme Inhibiting Properties of Blueberry and Cranberry Juices: A Comparative Study","volume":"8","author":"Les","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Studzi\u0144ska-Sroka, E., Paczkowska-Walendowska, M., Erdem, C., Paluszczak, J., Kleszcz, R., Hoszman-Kulisz, M., and Cielecka-Piontek, J. (2024). Anti-Aging Properties of Chitosan-Based Hydrogels Rich in Bilberry Fruit Extract. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13010105"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"297","article-title":"Hyaluronidase: An Overview of Its Properties, Applications, and Side Effects","volume":"47","author":"Jung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15903","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15903","article-title":"Benefits of Topical Hyaluronic Acid for Skin Quality and Signs of Skin Aging: From Literature Review to Clinical Evidence","volume":"35","author":"Bravo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, H., Wang, J., Zhou, Y., and Zou, K. (2010, January 18\u201320). Molecular Docking Study of Chlorogenic Acid as a Hyaluronidase Inhibitor. Proceedings of the 2010 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBBE.2010.5514947"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.12928\/pharmaciana.v10i2.13010","article-title":"Antioxidant and Antiaging Activity of Rutin and Caffeic Acid","volume":"10","author":"Girsang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmaciana"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Mohamed, E., H. Hetta, M., Rateb, M.E., A. Selim, M., M. AboulMagd, A., A. Badria, F., Abdelmohsen, U.R., Alhadrami, H.A., and M. Hassan, H. (2020). Bioassay-Guided Isolation, Metabolic Profiling, and Docking Studies of Hyaluronidase Inhibitors from Ravenala Madagascariensis. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25071714"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2017.01.083","article-title":"Discovery of Hyaluronidase Inhibitors from Natural Products and Their Mechanistic Characterization under DMSO-Perturbed Assay Conditions","volume":"27","author":"Tomohara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.21705\/mcbs.v4i2.90","article-title":"Comparison of Antiaging and Antioxidant Activities of Protocatechuic and Ferulic Acids","volume":"4","author":"Girsang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"51","article-title":"In Vitro Study of the Gel Cohesivity and Persistence to Hyaluronidase Degradation of a Novel Stabilized Composition of 26 Mg\/mL of High Molecular Weight HA","volume":"11","author":"Finke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plast. Aesthet. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2013.02.030","article-title":"A Straightforward Ninhydrin-Based Method for Collagenase Activity and Inhibitor Screening of Collagenase Using Spectrophotometry","volume":"437","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1159\/000447017","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Stress-Responsive Changes in Collagen and Elastin Networks in Skin","volume":"29","author":"Aziz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ski. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciganovi\u0107, P., Jakupovi\u0107, L., Momchev, P., Ni\u017ei\u0107 Nodilo, L., Hafner, A., and Zovko Kon\u010di\u0107, M. (2023). Extraction Optimization, Antioxidant, Cosmeceutical and Wound Healing Potential of Echinacea Purpurea Glycerolic Extracts. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28031177"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hermed.2015.09.002","article-title":"In Vitro Enzyme Inhibitory Effects of Rubus Sanctus Schreber and Its Active Metabolite as a Function of Wound Healing Activity","volume":"5","author":"Ilhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.07.012","article-title":"Antioxidant and Anti-Collagenase Activity of Hypericum hircinum L.","volume":"76","author":"Mandrone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02972978","article-title":"Inhibition of Collagenase by Naturally-Occurring Flavonoids","volume":"28","author":"Sin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, S.-C., and Yang, J.-H. (2018). Dual Effects of Alpha-Hydroxy Acids on the Skin. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23040863"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2006.00003.x","article-title":"Effects of Alpha-Hydroxy Acids on the Human Skin of Japanese Subjects: The Rationale for Chemical Peeling","volume":"33","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020632424142","article-title":"Stability of Collagen During Denaturation","volume":"18","author":"Penkova","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Protein Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buarque, F.S., Monteiro e Silva, S.A., and Ribeiro, B.D. (2023). Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent as an Inhibitor of Metalloproteases (Collagenase and Elastase) in Cosmetic Formulation. 3 Biotech, 13.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-023-03602-2"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juszczak, A.M., Marijan, M., Jakupovi\u0107, L., Tomczykowa, M., Tomczyk, M., and Zovko Kon\u010di\u0107, M. (2023). Glycerol and Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents Extraction for Preparation of Luteolin-Rich Jasione Montana Extracts with Cosmeceutical Activity. Metabolites, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13010032"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pani\u0107, M., Damjanovi\u0107, A., Rado\u0161evi\u0107, K., Cvjetko Bubalo, M., Dujmi\u0107, F., \u0160kegro, M., Radoj\u010di\u0107 Redovnikovi\u0107, I., and Brn\u010di\u0107, M. (2024). Enhanced Preparative-Scale Extraction from Gra\u0161evina Grape Pomace Using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14146185"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tasic-Kostov, M., Vesic, S., and Savic, S. (2014). Objective Skin Performance Evaluation: How Mild Are APGs to the Skin?. Alkyl Polyglucosides, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1533\/9781908818775.135"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12037","article-title":"International Guidelines for the in Vivo Assessment of Skin Properties in Non-Clinical Settings: Part 2. Transepidermal Water Loss and Skin Hydration","volume":"19","author":"Stefaniak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ski. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03955","article-title":"Assessment of Non-Invasive Techniques and Herbal-Based Products on Dermatological Physiology and Intercellular Lipid Properties","volume":"6","author":"Ariffin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2024.110284","article-title":"Use of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) as a Green Extraction of Antioxidant Polyphenols from Strawberry Tree Fruit (Arbutus Unedo L.): An Optimization Study","volume":"200","author":"Jurica","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2021.102317","article-title":"Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent Formulations for Spirulina: Preparation, Intensification, and Skin Impact","volume":"56","author":"Wils","year":"2021","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vieira, C., Rebocho, S., Craveiro, R., Paiva, A., and Duarte, A.R.C. (2022). Selective Extraction and Stabilization of Bioactive Compounds from Rosemary Leaves Using a Biphasic NADES. Front. Chem., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2022.954835"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"167","article-title":"Correla\u00e7\u00e4o entre a determina\u00e7\u00e4o do fator de prote\u00e7\u00e4o solar em seres humanos e por espectrofotometria","volume":"61","author":"Mansur","year":"1986","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1979.tb07090.x","article-title":"A Comparison of in Vivo and in Vitro Testing of Sunscreening Formulas","volume":"29","author":"Sayre","year":"1979","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"(2025, March 03). Enzymatic Assay of Hyaluronidase (3.2.1.35). Available online: https:\/\/www.sigmaaldrich.com\/RS\/en\/technical-documents\/protocol\/protein-biology\/enzyme-activity-assays\/enzymatic-assay-of-hyaluronidase?srsltid=AfmBOoo6_9A0TFYXupq7TLPc3_CUqDsZpV360qVM09_od1ych2ooIiaR."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phupaisan, N., Ampasavate, C., Natakankitkul, S., and Kiattisin, K. (2024). Optimizing Antioxidant and Anti-Hyaluronidase Activities of Mixed Coffea Arabica, Centella Asiatica, and Curcuma Longa Extracts for Cosmetic Application. Cosmetics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics11060201"}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/14\/15\/2374\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:21:10Z","timestamp":1760034070000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/14\/15\/2374"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["plants14152374"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants14152374","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]}}}