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Secondary sexual dimorphism (SSD) expression is frequently greater under stress than under optimal growth conditions. The early gender identification in papaya may help to reduce orchard costs because the most desirable fruit shape is formed by hermaphrodite plants. We hypothesized that (a) gender ecophysiological phenotyping can be an alternative to make gender segregations in papaya seedlings, and (b) such gender segregation will be more efficient after a short drought exposure than under adequate water conditions. To test such hypotheses, seedlings of two papaya varieties (\u2018Candy\u2019 and \u2018THB\u2019) were exposed to two kind of treatments: (1) water shortage (WS) for 45 h, after which they were well watered, and (2) continuously well-watered (WW). Study assessed the ecophysiological responses, such as stomatal conductance (gs), SPAD index, optical reflectance indices, morphological traits, and biomass accumulation in females (F) and hermaphrodites (H). In WS treatment, the SSD was expressed in 14 of 18 traits investigated, while in WW treatment, the SSD was expressed only in 7 of 18 traits. As tools for SSD expression, gs and simple ratio pigment index (SRPI) must be measured on the first or second day after the imposed WS was interrupted, respectively, while the other parameters must be measured after a period of four days. In some traits, the SSD was expressed in only one variety, or the response of H and F plants were of opposite values for two varieties. The choice of the clearest responses of gender segregation in WS treatment will be greenness index, combination of normalized difference vegetation index (CNDVI), photochemical reflectance index (PRI), water band index (WBI), SRPI, leaf number, leaf dry mass, and leaf mass ratio. If the WW conditions are maintained for papaya seedling production, the recommendation in gender segregation will be the analysis of CNDVI, carotenoid reflectance index 2 (CRI2), WBI, and SRPI. The non-destructive optical leaf indices segregated papaya hermaphrodites from females under both water conditions and eventually could be adjusted for wide-scale platform evaluations, with planned space arrangements of seedlings, and sensor\u2019s set.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14152445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T10:58:26Z","timestamp":1754564306000},"page":"2445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Water Stress Promotes Secondary Sexual Dimorphism in Ecophysiological Traits of Papaya Seedlings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Trancoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, Laborat\u00f3rio de Melhoramento Gen\u00e9tico Vegetal, Centro de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias Agropecu\u00e1rias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Avenida Alberto Lamego 2000, Parque Calif\u00f3rnia, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8836-1203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme A. R.","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, Laborat\u00f3rio de Melhoramento Gen\u00e9tico Vegetal, Centro de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias Agropecu\u00e1rias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Avenida Alberto Lamego 2000, Parque Calif\u00f3rnia, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Vitor Paravidini","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, Laborat\u00f3rio de Melhoramento Gen\u00e9tico Vegetal, Centro de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias Agropecu\u00e1rias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Avenida Alberto Lamego 2000, Parque Calif\u00f3rnia, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosana Maria dos Santos Nani de","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, Laborat\u00f3rio de Melhoramento Gen\u00e9tico Vegetal, Centro de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias Agropecu\u00e1rias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Avenida Alberto Lamego 2000, Parque Calif\u00f3rnia, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diesily de Andrade","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, Laborat\u00f3rio de Melhoramento Gen\u00e9tico Vegetal, Centro de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias Agropecu\u00e1rias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Avenida Alberto Lamego 2000, Parque Calif\u00f3rnia, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2068-8821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miroslava","family":"Rakocevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, Laborat\u00f3rio de Melhoramento Gen\u00e9tico Vegetal, Centro de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias Agropecu\u00e1rias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Avenida Alberto Lamego 2000, Parque Calif\u00f3rnia, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1329-1084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliemar","family":"Campostrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, Laborat\u00f3rio de Melhoramento Gen\u00e9tico Vegetal, Centro de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias Agropecu\u00e1rias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Avenida Alberto Lamego 2000, Parque Calif\u00f3rnia, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.1400196","article-title":"The relative and absolute frequencies of angiosperm sexual systems: Dioecy, monoecy, gynodioecy, and an updated online database","volume":"101","author":"Renner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. 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