{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:12:29Z","timestamp":1791317549006,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]],"date-time":"2025-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Molise (Start-Up 2024) (G.S.)","award":["PROGET_20232024_BIOACTIVE_START_UP_SAVIANO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PROGET_20232024_BIOACTIVE_START_UP_SAVIANO"]}]},{"name":"University of Molise (Start-Up 2024) (G.S.)","award":["P2022MWY3P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2022MWY3P"]}]},{"name":"Ministero dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca (MUR)\u2014(PRIN 2022 PNRR project)","award":["PROGET_20232024_BIOACTIVE_START_UP_SAVIANO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PROGET_20232024_BIOACTIVE_START_UP_SAVIANO"]}]},{"name":"Ministero dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca (MUR)\u2014(PRIN 2022 PNRR project)","award":["P2022MWY3P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2022MWY3P"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Origanum vulgare L. is an important aromatic plant traditionally used in folk medicine since ancient times. Its growing interest for the scientific community is mainly attributed to its distinctive chemical profile, which includes bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols (phenolic acids and flavonoids) and volatile compounds (essential oil). These components collectively contribute to oregano\u2019s wide spectrum of biological activities. In this study, the volatile components of the essential oil (WEO_OR) and the polyphenolic fraction of the methanolic extract (ME_OR) obtained from leaves and inflorescences of wild Origanum vulgare collected in central Italy were characterized using GC-MS and UHPLC-DAD, respectively. Carvacrol was identified as the major compound in the essential oil, while rosmarinic acid was predominant in the methanolic extract. A comparative analysis was also carried out with a commercially available essential oil (CEO_OR), aiming to evaluate potential differences in chemical composition and antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays). ME_OR showed the strongest antioxidant activity (DPPH IC50 = 0.052 mg mL\u22121; ABTS = 3.94 mg TE mL\u22121; FRAP = 30.58 mg TE g\u22121), followed by CEO_OR (DPPH IC50 = 0.45 mg mL\u22121; ABTS = 9.57 mg TE mL\u22121; FRAP = 7.33 mg TE g\u22121), while WEO_OR displayed the lowest values (DPPH IC50 = 1.54 mg mL\u22121; ABTS = 0.10 mg TE mL\u22121). Furthermore, ME_OR and WEO_OR were tested in vitro using the human hepatoblastoma cell line HepG2 to assess their potential biological activities related to cell survival and oxidative stress. The results indicated that at the tested doses, neither the ME nor the EO showed significant toxicity, as evidenced by the unchanged proliferation rate of HepG2 cells. However, the ME at low doses (50 and 100 \u03bcg mL\u22121) and the EO (0.005%), administered as a pre-treatment, exhibited a protective effect against oxidative stress, as inferred from the reduction in 8-OHdG levels, a marker of oxidative damage to nucleic acids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14162468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T08:10:32Z","timestamp":1754899832000},"page":"2468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Phytochemistry and Bioactivity of Essential Oil and Methanolic Extracts of Origanum vulgare L. from Central Italy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Fantasma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Territory, University of Molise, C.da Fonte Lappone snc, 86090 Pesche, IS, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0465-9470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Segatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Territory, University of Molise, C.da Fonte Lappone snc, 86090 Pesche, IS, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3353-8918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mayra","family":"Colardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Territory, University of Molise, C.da Fonte Lappone snc, 86090 Pesche, IS, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Di Matteo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Territory, University of Molise, C.da Fonte Lappone snc, 86090 Pesche, IS, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Giovanna","family":"Chini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Territory, University of Molise, C.da Fonte Lappone snc, 86090 Pesche, IS, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8653-6628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Iorizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Territory, University of Molise, C.da Fonte Lappone snc, 86090 Pesche, IS, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1112-2041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriella","family":"Saviano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Territory, University of Molise, C.da Fonte Lappone snc, 86090 Pesche, IS, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kintzios, S.E. (2002). Oregano: The Genera Origanum and Lippia (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants-Industrial Profiles), CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"170","article-title":"Medicinal importance of genus Origanum: A review","volume":"5","author":"Chishti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pharmacogn. Phytother."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Beltr\u00e1n, J.M., and Esteban, M.A. (2016). Properties and applications of plants of Origanum sp. Genus. SM J. Biol., 2."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2015.09.008","article-title":"Essential oil diversity of European Origanum vulgare L. (Lamiaceae)","volume":"119","author":"Lukas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.131629","article-title":"Multidimensional exploration of essential oils generated via eight oregano cultivars: Compositions, chemodiversities, and antibacterial capacities","volume":"374","author":"Hao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.6089","article-title":"Chemical composition and bioactivity of different oregano (Origanum vulgare) extracts and essential oil","volume":"93","author":"Teixeira","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-018-9569-x","article-title":"Carvacrol and its derivatives as antibacterial agents","volume":"17","author":"Marinelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2019.111498","article-title":"Antibacterial mechanism of oregano essential oil","volume":"139","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3106","DOI":"10.2174\/138161208786404227","article-title":"Biological and pharmacological activities of carvacrol and carvacrol bearing essential oils","volume":"14","author":"Baser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.11.153","article-title":"Phenolic compounds from Origanum vulgare and their antioxidant and antiviral activities","volume":"152","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2010.0098","article-title":"Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oils obtained from oregano (Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum) by using different extraction methods","volume":"14","author":"Karakaya","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.10.028","article-title":"Anti-proliferative activity of Origanum vulgare inhibited lipogenesis and induced mitochondrial mediated apoptosis in human stomach cancer cell lines","volume":"108","author":"Balusamy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404505","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1404505","article-title":"Antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities of the ethanolic Origanum vulgare extract and its major constituents","volume":"2016","author":"Coccimiglio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.02.099","article-title":"Decoction, infusion and hydroalcoholic extract of Origanum vulgare L.: Different performances regarding bioactivity and phenolic compounds","volume":"158","author":"Martins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2888","DOI":"10.1021\/jf9802629","article-title":"Stimulation of rosmarinic acid in shoot cultures of oregano (Origanum vulgare) clonal line in response to proline, proline analogue, and proline precursors","volume":"46","author":"Yang","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.05.019","article-title":"Essential oil diversity of Origanum vulgare L. populations from Southern Italy","volume":"235","author":"Tarraf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Napoli, E., Giovino, A., Carrubba, A., How Yuen Siong, V., Rinoldo, C., Nina, O., and Ruberto, G. (2020). Variations of essential oil constituents in oregano (Origanum vulgare subsp. viridulum (= O. heracleoticum) over Cultivation Cycles. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9091174"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2014.08.037","article-title":"Growth, essential oil characterization, and antimicrobial activity of three wild biotypes of oregano under cultivation condition in Southern Italy","volume":"62","author":"Roscigno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5689","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2534","article-title":"Effect of pinolenic acid on oxidative stress injury in HepG2 cells induced by H2O2","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.13605","article-title":"Evaluation of the Cellular and Animal Model for the Study of Antioxidant Activity: A Review","volume":"82","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharath Babu, G.R., Anand, T., Ilaiyaraja, N., Khanum, F., and Gopalan, N. (2017). Pelargonidin Modulates Keap1\/Nrf2 Pathway Gene Expression and Ameliorates Citrinin-Induced Oxidative Stress in HepG2 Cells. Front. Pharmacol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00868"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Adams, R.P. (2007). Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography\/Mass Spectrometry, Allured Publishing Co.. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2020.112747","article-title":"UHPLC-LTQ OrbiTrap MS Analysis and Biological Properties of Origanum vulgare subsp. viridulum Obtained by Different Extraction Methods","volume":"154","author":"Zengin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Torre, M.P., Vizmanos, J.L., Cavero, R.Y., and Calvo, M.I. (2020). Improvement of antioxidant activity of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) with an oral pharmaceutical form. Biomed. Pharmacother., 129.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110424"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parra, C., Munoz, P., Bustos, L., Parra, F., Simirgiotis, M.J., and Escobar, H. (2021). UHPLC-DAD Characterization of Origanum vulgare L. from Atacama Desert Andean Region and Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Enzyme Inhibition Activities. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26072100"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2016.07.038","article-title":"Antioxidant capacity variation in the oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) collection of the German national Genebank","volume":"92","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Liberto, D., Iacuzzi, N., Pratelli, G., Porrello, A., Maggio, A., La Bella, S., De Blasio, A., Notaro, A., D\u2019Anneo, A., and Ema-nuele, S. (2023). Cytotoxic Effect Induced by Sicilian Oregano Essential Oil in Human Breast Cancer Cells. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12232733"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2010.9700359","article-title":"Temperature influences thymol and carvacrol differentially in Origanum spp.(Lamiaceae)","volume":"22","author":"Novak","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.54660\/.IJMRGE.2024.5.4.169-178","article-title":"Factors influencing yield, chemical composition and efficacy of essential oils","volume":"5","author":"Mugao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Multidiscip. Res. Growth Eval."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2003.08.009","article-title":"Biological activities of the essential oils and methanol extract of Origanum vulgare in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey","volume":"15","author":"Sahin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Control."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"167","article-title":"Use of oregano extract and oregano essential oil as antioxidants in functional dairy beverage formulations","volume":"47","author":"Boroski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.2478\/s11535-011-0028-6","article-title":"Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of plants used in traditional Romanian herbal medicine","volume":"6","author":"Spiridon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Open Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"131","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of oregano essential oil (Origanum vulgare L.)","volume":"7","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Nyssana"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(99)00247-2","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of selected essential oil components in two lipid model systems","volume":"69","author":"Ruberto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carpena, M., Nu\u00f1ez-Estevez, B., Soria-Lopez, A., Garcia-Oliveira, P., and Prieto, M.A. (2021). Essential Oils and Their Application on Active Packaging Systems: A Review. Resources, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/resources10010007"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2011.02.022","article-title":"Phenol and para-substituted phenols electrochemical oxidation pathways","volume":"655","author":"Enache","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2010.521502","article-title":"Antioxidant capacity and total phenolic contents of oregano (Origanum vulgare), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) from Romania","volume":"25","author":"Spiridon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oniga, I., Pu\u0219ca\u0219, C., Silaghi-Dumitrescu, R., Olah, N.K., Sevastre, B., Marica, R., Marcus, I., Sevastre-Berghian, A.C., Benedec, D., and Pop, C.E. (2018). Origanum vulgare ssp. vulgare: Chemical Composition and Biological Studies. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23082077"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825666190702095612","article-title":"Essential oil and ethanol extract of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) from Armenian flora as a natural source of terpenes, flavonoids and other phytochemicals with antiradical, antioxidant, metal chelating, tyrosinase inhibitory and antibacterial activity","volume":"25","author":"Moghrovyan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Grijalva, E.P., Picos-Salas, M.A., Leyva-L\u00f3pez, N., Criollo-Mendoza, M.S., Vazquez-Olivo, G., and Heredia, J.B. (2017). Flavonoids and phenolic acids from oregano: Occurrence, biological activity and health benefits. Plants, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants7010002"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kosakowska, O., W\u0119glarz, Z., Pi\u00f3ro-Jabrucka, E., Przyby\u0142, J.L., Kra\u015bniewska, K., Gniewosz, M., and B\u0105czek, K. (2021). Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils and Hydroethanolic Extracts of Greek Oregano (O. vulgare L. subsp. hirtum (Link) Ietswaart) and Common Oregano (O. vulgare L. subsp. vulgare). Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26040988"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7825","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of neuroprotective offerings by rosmarinic acid against neurodegenerative and other CNS pathologies","volume":"37","author":"Ravaria","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varone, M., Scavo, G., Colardo, M., Martella, N., Pensabene, D., Bisesto, E., Del Busso, A., and Segatto, M. (2024). p75NTR Modulation Reduces Oxidative Stress and the Expression of Pro-Inflammatory Mediators in a Cell Model of Rett Syn-drome. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12112624"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2020.104823","article-title":"Rosmarinic acid protects against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in zebrafish embryos","volume":"65","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4008","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c02916","article-title":"Rosmarinic Acid Activates the Nrf2\/ARE Signaling Pathway via the miR-25-3p\/SIRT6 Axis to Inhibit Vascular Remodeling","volume":"72","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charoensin, S., and Dansakda, S. (2023). Modulatory Effect of Rosmarinic Acid on H2O2-Induced Adaptive Glycolytic Response in Dermal Fibroblasts. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28145599"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1080\/01635580802582769","article-title":"Origanum vulgare induces apoptosis in human colon cancer caco2 cells","volume":"61","author":"Savini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elshafie, H.S., Armentano, M.F., Carmosino, M., Bufo, S.A., De Feo, V., and Camele, I. (2017). Cytotoxic activity of Origanum vulgare L. on hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 and evaluation of its biological activity. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22091435"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"171","article-title":"Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of the essential oil of Origanum onites and carvacrol on Hep-G2 cells","volume":"1","author":"Zeytinoglu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Life Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2018.09.020","article-title":"Metabolic remodeling during liver regeneration","volume":"47","author":"Caldez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Q., Tian, X., Wu, H., Huang, J., Li, M., Mei, Z., Zhou, L., Xie, H., and Zheng, S. (2021). Metabolic changes of hepatocytes in NAFLD. Front. Physiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.710420"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2022.11.025","article-title":"Metabolic switch in cancer-survival of the fittest","volume":"180","author":"Raskov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5987183","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5987183","article-title":"Oregano essential oil induces SOD1 and GSH expression through Nrf2 activation and alleviates hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage in IPEC-J2 cells","volume":"2016","author":"Zou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"405","article-title":"Membrane and DNA damaging\/protective effects of eugenol, eucalyptol, terpinen-4-ol, and camphor at various concentrations on parental and drug resistant H1299 cells","volume":"37","author":"Erdogan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Turk. J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2015.02.006","article-title":"In vitro pro-oxidant\/antioxidant role of carvacrol, thymol and their mixture in the intestinal Caco-2 cell line","volume":"29","author":"Puerto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol Vitr."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1934578X1200701201","article-title":"A comparative study of the antioxidant\/prooxidant effects of carvacrol and thymol at various concentrations on membrane and DNA of parental and drug resistant H1299 cells","volume":"7","author":"Ozkan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Council of Europe (2004). European Pharmacopoeia, Council of Europe. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Kov\u00e1ts, E. (1965). Gas Chromatographic Characterization of Organic Substances in the Retention Index System. Advances in Chromatography, Marcel Dekker."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(01)80947-X","article-title":"A Generalization of the Retention Index System Including Linear Temperature Programmed Gas\u2013Liquid Partition Chromatography","volume":"11","author":"Kratz","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"NIST, EPA, and NIH (2020). Mass Spectral Library."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"McLafferty, F.W. (2000). Wiley Registry of Mass Spectral Data, with NIST Spectral Data CD-ROM, John Wiley & Sons. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grob, B. (2004). Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis by Gas Chromatography. Modern Practice of Gas Chromatography, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471651141"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules14062167","article-title":"Effect of Extraction Solvent\/Technique on the Antioxidant Activity of Selected Medicinal Plant Extracts","volume":"14","author":"Sultana","year":"2009","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7218","DOI":"10.1021\/jf101077s","article-title":"Antioxidant\/lipoxygenase inhibitory activities and chemical compositions of selected essential oils","volume":"58","author":"Wei","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00315-3","article-title":"Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay","volume":"26","author":"Re","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1996.0292","article-title":"The Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) as a Measure of \u201cAntioxidant Power\u201d: The FRAP Assay","volume":"239","author":"Benzie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6509","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0343074","article-title":"Quantification of polyphenolics and their antioxidant capacity in fresh plums","volume":"51","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/14\/16\/2468\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:27:14Z","timestamp":1760034434000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/14\/16\/2468"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["plants14162468"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants14162468","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]]}}}