{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T10:05:19Z","timestamp":1791021919749,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002301","name":"Estonian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRG1903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRG1903"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002301","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vervain (Verbena officinalis L., Verbenaceae family) is a perennial plant which grows widely in Europe. It is rich in iridoids, phenolic acids, phenylpropanoid glycosides, flavonoids and terpenoids. Verbena has traditionally been used in folk medicine to calm the nervous system, but there is a lack of scientific data about it. The aim of this study was to explore and characterise the chemical profile and neurotropic effects of V. officinalis dry extracts and their amino acid-based preparations. We determined a total of eight main phenolic compounds and 17 amino acids in the V. officinalis dry extracts. To evaluate the neurotropic effects of the verbena extracts, the following behavioural pharmacology tests were used: Open Field Test, Elevated Plus Maze, Black-and-White Box Test and Tail Suspension Test. The dry aqueous\u2013ethanolic extract (extractant 70% ethanol) demonstrated strong anxiolytic and antidepressant effects, while its dry modified extracts with valine and arginine consistently exhibited pronounced sedative activity across all studies. For example, the Tail Suspension Test demonstrated that the total immobility time in animals receiving the dry aqueous\u2013ethanolic extract was the lowest, being 1.22-fold (p &lt; 0.05) lower than in control animals and 2.25-fold (p &lt; 0.05) lower than in the animals treated with the reference drug preparation (\u201cSedaphyton\u201d). A novel aqueous-based gel formulation feasible for semi-solid extrusion (SSE) 3D printing was designed. This printing gel enables the fabrication of new oral dosage forms for V. officinalis dry extracts. The effects of pharmaceutical preparations on the human central nervous system require clinical studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14172651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T10:35:17Z","timestamp":1756204517000},"page":"2651","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Verbena officinalis L. Herb Extract, Its Amino Acid Preparations and 3D-Printed Dosage Forms: Phytochemical, Technological and Pharmacological Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9545-8548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleh","family":"Koshovyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Getter","family":"Dolgo\u0161ev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Udhan Wimukthi","family":"Meegama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koit","family":"Herodes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3006-290X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yurii","family":"Hrytsyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Management, Drug Technology and Pharmacognosy, Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, 76018 Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0338-1462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lyubov","family":"Grytsyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Management, Drug Technology and Pharmacognosy, Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, 76018 Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andriy","family":"Grytsyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Management, Drug Technology and Pharmacognosy, Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, 76018 Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Kireyev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Advanced Training of Pharmacy Specialists, The National University of Pharmacy, 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5996-5144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jyrki","family":"Hein\u00e4m\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8731-7366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ain","family":"Raal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u00e9lez-Gavil\u00e1n, J. 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