{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T21:38:43Z","timestamp":1793050723545,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Science Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Forestry","award":["CAFYBB2020ZB004-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAFYBB2020ZB004-2"]}]},{"name":"the Science Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Forestry","award":["CAFYBB2019MA001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAFYBB2019MA001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Catalpa bungei C.A.Mey is an economically significant deciduous tree valued for timber production and landscaping applications. An efficient regeneration system is crucial for clonal propagation and serves as a foundation for future molecular breeding in C. bungei. This study established two in vitro regeneration pathways\u2014indirect somatic embryogenesis and shoot organogenesis utilizing mature zygotic embryos as explants. Primary callus was induced from cotyledon, hypocotyl, and plumule explants. A high frequency (45.73%) of yellow-green compact callus was achieved on De-Klerk and Walton (DKW) medium supplemented with 2.0 mg\/L 6-BA, 1.0 mg\/L zeatin (ZT), and 0.1 mg\/L NAA. Subsequent transfer to 1.5\u00d7 Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 1.5 mg\/L 6-BA, 0.2 mg\/L ZT, and 0.1 mg\/L NAA yielded the highest embryogenic callus induction rate (16.67%). Embryogenic callus demonstrated bipotent potential, generating both adventitious shoots and somatic embryos under specific hormonal conditions. Histological analyses confirmed the typical developmental stages of somatic embryos, from globular to cotyledonary forms, validating the embryogenic origin of regenerated structures. Furthermore, hormone or osmotic additives such as abscisic acid (ABA), Phytagel, and polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG4000) significantly enhanced somatic embryo induction, with Phytagel at 5.0 g\/L achieving the highest rate (76.31%). For shoot organogenesis, the optimal hormonal combination of the 0.6 mg\/L 6-BA, 0.4 mg\/L KT, and 0.15 mg\/L NAA achieved the highest bud induction rate (88.89%) and produced an average of 4.07 adventitious buds per explant. This study presents an efficient regeneration system for C. bungei, providing a practical platform for large-scale propagation and basis for biotechnological applications in woody plants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14172688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T15:03:14Z","timestamp":1756393394000},"page":"2688","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Successful Establishment of Somatic Embryogenesis and Shoot Organogenesis Systems in Catalpa bungei C.A.Mey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jingshuang","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Experimental Center of Forestry in North China, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China"},{"name":"National Forest Germplasm Resource Bank of Representative Plants in North China, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 102300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiewen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Experimental Center of Forestry in North China, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China"},{"name":"National Forest Germplasm Resource Bank of Representative Plants in North China, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 102300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengnan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Horticultural College, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8562-8815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangshun","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Experimental Center of Forestry in North China, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China"},{"name":"National Forest Germplasm Resource Bank of Representative Plants in North China, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 102300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Horticultural College, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5245-2565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bao","family":"Di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Horticultural College, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6082-6742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenjun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junhui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiyang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Experimental Center of Forestry in North China, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China"},{"name":"National Forest Germplasm Resource Bank of Representative Plants in North China, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 102300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s12228-017-9471-7","article-title":"Taxonomic revision of the genus Catalpa (Bignoniaceae)","volume":"69","author":"Olsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brittonia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpx090","article-title":"Physiological and transcriptional responses of Catalpa bungei to drought stress under sufficient-and deficient-nitrogen conditions","volume":"37","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jian, S., Zhu, T., Wang, J., and Yan, D. 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