{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T03:58:39Z","timestamp":1773115119904,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heavy metal toxicity, particularly cadmium (Cd), poses a growing threat to agriculture and human health due to its persistence and high solubility, which facilitates its entry into the food chain. Among the strategies proposed to reduce Cd toxicity in plants and the environment, the use of beneficial microorganisms, such as endophytic fungi, has gained attention due to its effectiveness and eco-friendliness. This study investigates the potential of the root-colonizing fungus Serendipita indica (formerly Piriformospora indica) to mitigate cadmium (Cd) stress in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. subsp. Pekinensis) grown hydroponically under varying Cd concentrations (0, 1, 3, and 4 mM). Several parameters were assessed, including morphological traits, physiological and biochemical responses, and changes in leaf composition. Exposure to Cd significantly reduced plant growth, increased membrane electrolyte leakage, and decreased relative water content and root colonization, while enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities and the accumulation of phenolics, flavonoids, proline, glycine betaine, and carbohydrates. Notably, plants treated with S. indica showed improved tolerance to Cd stress, indicating the potential of the fungus. These findings suggest that S. indica can enhance plant resilience in Cd-contaminated environments and may offer a promising biological strategy for sustainable crop production under heavy metal stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14172773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T15:31:21Z","timestamp":1756999881000},"page":"2773","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Symbiotic Fungus Serendipita indica as a Natural Bioenhancer Against Cadmium Toxicity in Chinese Cabbage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Akram","family":"Rahbari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 5619911367, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7080-0236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Behrooz","family":"Esmaielpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 5619911367, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rasoul","family":"Azarmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 5619911367, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8945-1224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamideh","family":"Fatemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1591-4887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan Maleki","family":"Lajayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture (Meshkin Shahr Campus), University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 5619911367, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3777-9532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sima","family":"Panahirad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1625-5978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gholamreza","family":"Gohari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh 551877684, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3653-2231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Vita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105046","article-title":"Soil amendments for immobilization of potentially toxic elements in contaminated soils: A critical review","volume":"134","author":"Palansooriya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. 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