{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T20:50:22Z","timestamp":1793047822247,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD)","award":["HRZZ IP-2022-10-8305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HRZZ IP-2022-10-8305"]}]},{"name":"European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD)","award":["HRZZ-DOK-2021-02-5517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HRZZ-DOK-2021-02-5517"]}]},{"name":"European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD)","award":["HRZZ-MOBDOK-2023-3103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HRZZ-MOBDOK-2023-3103"]}]},{"name":"European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD)","award":["N4-0346 (PROGRESS)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N4-0346 (PROGRESS)"]}]},{"name":"European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD)","award":["P1-0212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P1-0212"]}]},{"name":"Croatian Science Foundation (CSF (HRZZ))","award":["HRZZ IP-2022-10-8305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HRZZ IP-2022-10-8305"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03n51vw80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Croatian Science Foundation (CSF (HRZZ))","award":["HRZZ-DOK-2021-02-5517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HRZZ-DOK-2021-02-5517"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03n51vw80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Croatian Science Foundation (CSF (HRZZ))","award":["HRZZ-MOBDOK-2023-3103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HRZZ-MOBDOK-2023-3103"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03n51vw80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Croatian Science Foundation (CSF (HRZZ))","award":["N4-0346 (PROGRESS)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N4-0346 (PROGRESS)"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03n51vw80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Croatian Science Foundation (CSF (HRZZ))","award":["P1-0212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P1-0212"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03n51vw80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Slovenian Research Agency (ARIS)","award":["HRZZ IP-2022-10-8305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HRZZ IP-2022-10-8305"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059bp8k51","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Slovenian Research Agency (ARIS)","award":["HRZZ-DOK-2021-02-5517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HRZZ-DOK-2021-02-5517"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059bp8k51","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Slovenian Research Agency (ARIS)","award":["HRZZ-MOBDOK-2023-3103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HRZZ-MOBDOK-2023-3103"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059bp8k51","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Slovenian Research Agency (ARIS)","award":["N4-0346 (PROGRESS)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N4-0346 (PROGRESS)"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059bp8k51","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Slovenian Research Agency (ARIS)","award":["P1-0212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P1-0212"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059bp8k51","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>All olive (Olea europaea L.) plant tissues have a high phenolic content. However, the effects of the cultivar and sampling period on the tissue phenolic content remain almost unknown; in addition, the interactions between nutrient uptake and leaf phenol concentrations have not been clarified. This study sampled olive leaves to explore how the cultivar, sampling period, and their interaction affect leaf phenol and nutrient concentrations. Leaves were collected from six cultivars during three seasonal periods: harvest (October; SP1), dormancy (January; SP2), and pruning (March; SP3). Five were Istrian cultivars (\u2018Bova\u2019, \u2018Bu\u017ea mu\u0161ka\u2019, \u2018Bu\u017ea punto\u017ea\u2019, \u2018Istarska bjelica\u2019, \u2018Ro\u0161injola\u2019), and one was the Italian cultivar \u2018Leccino\u2019. Phenolic profiles in olive leaves were correlated with potassium (K), phosphorus (P), and copper (Cu) concentrations. However, significant correlations between these nutrients and oleuropein, verbascoside, and total phenolic content (TPC) were determined only for \u2018Ro\u0161injola\u2019. Oleuropein was the most abundant phenolic compound, while among genotypes, \u2018Bu\u017ea mu\u0161ka\u2019 showed the highest oleuropein levels across all sampling periods, indicating its potential source of oleuropein in olive leaves. Seasonal variations in olive leaf phenolic compounds appear to be strongly influenced by phenological phase, nutrient dynamics, and weather conditions, as confirmed by multivariate analysis across sampling periods and cultivars. The findings emphasise the importance of selecting both an appropriate cultivar and sampling period to maximise the accumulation of olive leaf phenolic compounds. Nevertheless, long-term experimentation on cultivars with a high leaf phenolic potential, like \u2018Bu\u017ea mu\u0161ka\u2019 and \u2018Ro\u0161injola\u2019, is necessary in order to develop appropriate farming strategies for maximising phenolic compounds with human or plant health benefits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14172789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T14:53:01Z","timestamp":1757083981000},"page":"2789","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Optimising Olive Leaf Phenolic Compounds: Cultivar and Temporal Interactions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3937-3926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Paskovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Karla Huguesa 8, 52440 Pore\u010d, Croatia"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, Viktora Cara Emina 5, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6634-5816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Frani\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Karla Huguesa 8, 52440 Pore\u010d, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1146-202X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theocharis","family":"Chatzistathis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Soil and Water Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation (ELGO) \u2018DIMITRA\u2019, 57001 Thessaloniki (Thermi), Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0721-7555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Pongrac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7489-4073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"\u017durga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teaching Institute of Public Health of Primorsko-Goranska County, Kre\u0161imirova 52a, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4933-3952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerija","family":"Majeti\u0107 Germek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology and Control, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Brace Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2935-9319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Pal\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Karla Huguesa 8, 52440 Pore\u010d, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0350-5074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Smiljana","family":"Goreta Ban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Karla Huguesa 8, 52440 Pore\u010d, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariem","family":"Zakraoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6276-6533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0160ime","family":"Marceli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Ecology, Agronomy and Aquaculture, University of Zadar, Trg Kneza Vi\u0161eslava 9, 23000 Zadar, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3904-4820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jure","family":"Mravlje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u0161ko","family":"Kaliterna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Sveto\u0161imunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7454-8162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marija","family":"Poli\u0107 Paskovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Karla Huguesa 8, 52440 Pore\u010d, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selim, S., Albqmi, M., Al-Sanea, M.M., Alnusaire, T.S., Almuhayawi, M.S., AbdElgawad, H., Al Jaouni, S.K., Elkelish, A., Hussein, S., and Warrad, M. 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