{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T23:35:36Z","timestamp":1787268936840,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003627","name":"Rural Development Administration of the Republic of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RD009080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD009080"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The timing of fruit bag removal is important for achieving optimum fruit quality, coloration, and visual appearance. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of fruit bag removal timing on fruit quality and color and the occurrence of physiological disorders in \u2018Arisoo\u2019 apples. Fruits were bagged in two-layer paper bags, which were removed 30, 20, and 10 days before harvest (DBH). Unbagged fruits served as the control. The incidence of fruit cracking, sunburn, and pathogen infection was highest in the unbagged group, followed by the group with bag removal at 30 DBH, and lowest in those with bag removal at 20 and 10 DBH. However, bag removal at 10 DBH significantly reduced fruit weight and soluble solids content but increased firmness. Additionally, bag removal at 10 DBH resulted in poorly colored fruits with higher chlorophyll and lower anthocyanin and carotenoid pigments and lower expression levels of pigment-related genes, including anthocyanin-, carotenoid-, and chlorophyll degradation-associated genes, compared with those in the other treatment groups. Bag removal at 30 and 20 DBH did not significantly affect fruit quality or coloration, but it did affect fruit size. Overall, this study serves as a reference for determining the optimal timing of fruit bag removal to enhance the quality and coloration of \u2018Arisoo\u2019 apples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14182923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T10:05:17Z","timestamp":1758535517000},"page":"2923","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Fruit Bag Removal Timing Influences Fruit Coloration, Quality, and Physiological Disorders in \u2018Arisoo\u2019 Apples"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7617-4873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nay Myo","family":"Win","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Apple Research Center, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Daegu 43100, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2960-3847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Van Giap","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Apple Research Center, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Daegu 43100, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung-Geun","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Apple Research Center, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Daegu 43100, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong-Taek","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Apple Research Center, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Daegu 43100, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juhyeon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Apple Research Center, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Daegu 43100, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2248-2528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youngsuk","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Apple Research Center, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Daegu 43100, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hun-Joong","family":"Kweon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Apple Research Center, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Daegu 43100, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3851-1546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In-Kyu","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soon-Il","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Apple Research Center, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Daegu 43100, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9022-5026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seonae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Apple Research Center, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Daegu 43100, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3106","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-019-00233-1","article-title":"Quality perception throughout the apple fruit chain","volume":"13","author":"Djekic","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Meas. Charact."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI15794-21","article-title":"\u2018Arisoo\u2019, a midseason apple","volume":"56","author":"Kwon","year":"2021","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalhaus, T., Schlenker, W., Blanke, M.M., Bravin, E., and Finger, R. (2020). The effects of extreme weather on apple quality. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64806-7"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sugiura, T., Ogawa, H., Fukuda, N., and Moriguchi, T. (2013). Changes in the taste and textural attributes of apples in response to climate change. Sci. Rep., 3.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02418"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2024.113611","article-title":"Changes in the harvesting window and quality of apple fruit cultivated under long-term high temperature and CO2","volume":"338","author":"Hassan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2021.110658","article-title":"A simple model for predicting sunburn on satsuma mandarin fruit","volume":"27","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.C., Park, Y.S., Jeong, H.N., Kim, J.H., and Heo, J.Y. (2023). Temperature changes affected spring phenology and fruit quality of apples grown in high-latitude region of South Korea. Horticulturae, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae9070794"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1080\/07352689.2012.696453","article-title":"Sunburn of apple fruit: Historical background, recent advances and future perspectives","volume":"31","author":"Racsko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2019.108866","article-title":"Sun injury on apple fruit: Physiological, biochemical and molecular advances, and future challenges","volume":"260","author":"Waite","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, X., Duan, Y., Wang, J., Ma, F., and Li, P. (2021). Nighttime temperatures and sunlight intensities interact to influence anthocyanin biosynthesis and photooxidative sunburn in \u2018Fuji\u2019 apple. Front. Plant Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.694954"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.15446\/agron.colomb.v39n2.97071","article-title":"Causes of fruit cracking in the era of climate change. A review","volume":"39","author":"Fisher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agron. Colomb."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, M.M., Anwar, R., Yousef, A.F., Li, B., Luvisi, A., De Bellis, L., Aprile, A., and Chen, F. (2021). Influence of bagging on the development and quality of fruits. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10020358"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frank, D.L. (2018). Evaluation of fruit bagging as a pest management option for direct pests of apple. Insects, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects9040178"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, G., Nie, J., Wu, Y., Yan, Z., and Ye, M. (2018). The effects of fruit bagging on residue behavior and dietary risk for four pesticides in apple. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32358-6"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTTECH04658-20","article-title":"Preharvest bagging as an alternative technique for enhancing fruit quality: A review","volume":"31","author":"Buthelezi","year":"2021","journal-title":"HortTechnology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2013.11.008","article-title":"The effects of bagging and debagging on external fruit quality, metabolites, and the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in \u2018Jonagold\u2019 apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)","volume":"165","author":"Feng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2018.10.072","article-title":"Effect of bagging duration on peach fruit peel color and key protein changes based on iTRAQ quantitation","volume":"246","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s00344-020-10124-1","article-title":"Restraint of bagging on fruit skin coloration in on-tree kiwifruit (Actinidia arguta)","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"131","article-title":"Pre-harvest bagging influences sunburn, cracking and quality of pomegranate fruits","volume":"2","author":"Sarkomi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hortic. Postharvest Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.125502","article-title":"Cluster bagging promotes melatonin biosynthesis in the berry skins of Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon and Carignan during development and ripening","volume":"305","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Do, V.G., Kim, S., Lee, Y., Yang, S., Kim, J.H., Win, N.M., Kwon, Y.S., Park, J., and Park, J.T. (2023). Differential coloration, pigment biosynthesis-related gene expression, and accumulation according to developmental stage in the \u2018Enbu\u2019 apple. Horticulturae, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae9101072"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.125707","article-title":"Effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on the expression of genes involved in the chlorophyll degradation pathway of apple fruit during storage","volume":"308","author":"Lv","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2015.03.046","article-title":"Anthocyanin accumulation and related gene family expression in the skin of dark-grown red and non-red apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) in response to sunlight","volume":"189","author":"Meng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2021.111024","article-title":"Review: The effects of hormones and environmental factors on anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple","volume":"312","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2006.02964.x","article-title":"Red colouration in apple fruit is due to the activity of the MYB transcription factor, MYB10","volume":"49","author":"Espley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Zhang, X., Meng, J., Li, A., Duan, W., Sun, S., Pan, L., Zeng, W., Wang, Z., and Niu, L. (2025). Expression analysis of chlorophyll-degradation-related genes in Prunus persica L. peel and the functional verification of key genes. Plants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14030312"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.17.01320","article-title":"Natural variation underlines differences in ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR17 activity in fruit peel degreening","volume":"176","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-013-2055-1","article-title":"The effect of fruit bagging on the color, phenolic compounds and expression of the anthocyanin biosynthesis and regulatory genes on the \u2018Granny Smith\u2019 apples","volume":"237","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, C., Liang, B., Chang, B., Yan, J., Liu, L., Wang, Y., Yang, Y., and Zhao, Z. (2019). Transcriptome profiling of anthocyanin biosynthesis in the peel of \u2018Granny Smith\u2019 apples (Malus domestica) after bag removal. BMC Genom., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-019-5730-1"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, M., Egea-Cortines, M., Gon\u00e7alves, B., and Matos, M. (2023). Molecular mechanism involved in fruit cracking: A review. Front. Plant Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1130857"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"La Spada, P., Dominguez, E., Continella, A., Heredia, A., and Gentile, A. (2024). Factors influencing fruit cracking: An environmental and agronomic perspective. Front. Plant Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2024.1343452"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Guo, L., Zhao, X., Zhao, Y., Hao, Z., Luo, H., and Yuan, Z. (2021). Advances in mechanisms and omics pertaining to fruit cracking in horticultural plants. Agronomy, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11061045"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2019.04.086","article-title":"Proteomic analysis ofthe key mechanism of exocarp russet pigmentation of semi-russet pear under rainwater condition","volume":"254","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2007.12.002","article-title":"Relationship between fruit cracking and expression of the expansion gene MdEXPA3 in \u2018Fuji\u2019 apples (Malus domestica Borkh.)","volume":"116","author":"Kasai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1080\/07352689.2019.1613320","article-title":"Physiological mechanism underlying fruit sunburn","volume":"38","author":"Vincent","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1080\/15538360802526472","article-title":"Photooxidative sunburn of apples: Characterization of a third type of apple sunburn","volume":"8","author":"Felicetti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Fruit Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.20546\/ijcmas.2017.606.131","article-title":"Management strategies of sunburn in fruit crops: A review","volume":"6","author":"Lal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1080\/14620316.2014.11513128","article-title":"Impact of pre-harvest fruit-bagging with different coloured bags on peel colour and the incidence of insect pests, disease and storage disorders in \u2018Royal Delicious\u2019 apple","volume":"89","author":"Sharma","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.9324","article-title":"Effect of preharvest fruit bagging on fruit quality characteristics and incidence of fruit physiopathies in fully irrigated and water stressed pomegranate trees","volume":"99","author":"Morales","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2020.1275.57","article-title":"Effects of different types of paper bags on \u2018Golden Delicious\u2019 apple fruits","volume":"1275","author":"Rajametov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1080\/15538362.2021.1896981","article-title":"Effect of reflected sunlight on differential expression of anthocyanin synthesis-related genes in young apple fruit","volume":"21","author":"Giap","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Fruit Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Win, N.M., Yoo, J., Do, V.G., Yang, S., Kwon, S.I., Kweon, H.J., Kim, S., Lee, Y., Kang, I.K., and Park, J. (2024). Effects of pneumatic defoliation on fruit quality and skin coloration in \u2018Fuji\u2019 apples. Agriculture, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture14091582"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Feng, Y., Wang, H., Liu, X., and Zhao, Z. (2024). Effects of different pre-harvest bagging times on fruit quality of apple. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13081243"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2005.10.009","article-title":"Expression analysis of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in apple skin: Effect of UV-B and temperature","volume":"170","author":"Ubi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15121","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c04453","article-title":"Analysis of carotenoid and gene expression in apple germplasm resources reveals the role of MdCRTISO and MdLCYE in the accumulation of carotenoids","volume":"71","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Do, V.G., Lee, Y., Kweon, H., and Kim, S. (2022). Light induces carotenoid biosynthesis-related gene expression, accumulation of pigment content, and expression of the small heat shock protein in apple fruit. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116153"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, T., Tan, L., Chen, Z., Yang, Y., Yuan, Y., Zheng, Z., Deng, L., Zhang, M., Sun, G., and He, S. (2024). Mitigating citrus fruit cracking: The efficacy of chelated calcium or silicon foliar fertilizers in \u2018Okitsu no. 58\u2019 citrus fruit. Front. Plant Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2024.1402945"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.7744\/kjoas.20220051","article-title":"Changes in the environmental conditions of an \u2018Arisoo\u2019 apple orchard with a shading net system","volume":"49","author":"Yoo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Korean J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Do, V.G., Lee, Y., Park, J., Win, N.M., Kwon, S.I., Yang, S., and Kim, S. (2024). Heat stress and water irrigation management effects on the fruit color and quality of \u2018Hongro\u2019 apples. Agriculture, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture14050761"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(87)48036-1","article-title":"Chlorophyll and carotenoids-pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes","volume":"148","author":"Lichtenthaler","year":"1987","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s13580-021-00360-z","article-title":"Effects of 1-methylcyclopropene and amionoethoxyvinylglycine treatments on fruit quality and antioxidant metabolites in cold-stored \u2018Sangjudungsi\u2019 persimmons","volume":"62","author":"Win","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hortic. Environ. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02670468","article-title":"A simple and efficient method for isolating RNA from pine trees","volume":"11","author":"Chang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Plant Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s13580-023-00513-2","article-title":"Differential responses of bulb quality attributes, mineral nutrient contents, and targeted major metabolites in onion bulbs after long-term commercial cold storage","volume":"64","author":"Lwin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hortic. Environ. Biotechnol."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/14\/18\/2923\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:46:17Z","timestamp":1760035577000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/14\/18\/2923"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["plants14182923"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants14182923","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]]}}}