{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T04:40:11Z","timestamp":1759034411954,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32302671","31872882"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32302671","31872882"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ZR2022QC121","ZR2023YQ024","ZR2019PC040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2022QC121","ZR2023YQ024","ZR2019PC040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Dongying","award":["2023ZR05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZR05"]}]},{"name":"Youth Science and Technology Rising Star Program Project of Binzhou City","award":["QMX2023002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QMX2023002"]}]},{"name":"a PhD initiative project","award":["2019Y17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019Y17"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low energy N+ ion beam implantation has been used to create the novel rice mutant \u201cshuangli\u201d, which produces partially fertile spikelets containing double grains. Abnormal ovule development is a major cause of partial fertility and grain diversity in rice mutants. To elucidate the developmental mechanism of ovule diversity in shuangli, ovules undergoing development were stained using eosin Y and H33342 and observed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Different developmental abnormalities were observed in the ovary, embryo sac, and ovule. Abnormal development was observed in 35.18% of the ovary structures, primarily manifesting as \u201ctumor\u201d like cell clusters, \u201cfalse ovaries\u201d, stamen degeneration, and double ovaries. In the embryo sac, abnormal development occurred in about 17.35% of the megaspore cells, including the formation of three nuclei, two daughter cells of asynchronously divided dyads, multiple megaspore tetrads, and \u201cnarrow and elongated\u201d cavities. At the female gametogenesis stage, the abnormal development rate was 27.53%, mainly involving the degeneration of the central polar nucleus, egg apparatus, antipodal cell mass, or female germ unit. In shuangli, abnormal development occurred in 28.06% of the ovule structures, including lateral tissue, nucellar tissue, double ovules and double embryo sacs. Of the observed lateral tissues, 8.27% did not differentiate into sexual reproductive tissue, which affected the fertilization of the embryo sac, leading to atrophy and degeneration. A new abnormal tissue similar to the inner integument was found on both sides of the nucellar tissue, and the two specialized nucellar tissues appeared to have \u201cstaggered\u201d growth within a single ovary. Of the examined ovules, 10.79% exhibited different types of double ovules, including heart-shaped, \u201canatropous\u201d, \u201cconjoined\u201d structures. However, the double ovules typically developed synchronously, explaining the production of different sizes of the two grains in shuangli. In addition, \u201cdouble\u201d embryo sacs from two \u201ctwinborn\u201d nucelli were found in one ovule, and the frequency of \u201cdouble\u201d embryo sacs was 3.60%. Therefore, ovule development diversity may result in fertilization or gradual degeneration after fertilization, explaining the lower fertility of shuangli at the embryological level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14192982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T09:35:49Z","timestamp":1758879349000},"page":"2982","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring the Diversity of Ovule Development in the Novel Rice Mutant ShuangLi Using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2490-9006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuaipeng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shandong University of Aeronautics, Binzhou 256603, China"},{"name":"The Yellow River Delta Sustainable Development Institute of Shandong Province, Dongying 257000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunhong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shandong University of Aeronautics, Binzhou 256603, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Yellow River Delta Sustainable Development Institute of Shandong Province, Dongying 257000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jikun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shandong University of Aeronautics, Binzhou 256603, China"},{"name":"The Yellow River Delta Sustainable Development Institute of Shandong Province, Dongying 257000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shandong University of Aeronautics, Binzhou 256603, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qunce","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Province Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70025","DOI":"10.1002\/fes3.70025","article-title":"Efficient Coordination Among Chinese Provinces in Managing Supply and Demand for Staple Crops","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Energy Secur."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s12571-023-01424-x","article-title":"Determinants of Changes in Harvested Area and Yields of Major Crops in China","volume":"16","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Secur."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.18415\/ijmmu.v10i12.5237","article-title":"Rice Cultivation Technology at the Farmers\u2019 Level in North Bolaang Mongondow District, Indonesia","volume":"10","author":"Porong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. 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