{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T20:35:02Z","timestamp":1787603702225,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Innovation Project of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences","award":["CX23ZD05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX23ZD05"]}]},{"name":"Project of Cultivation and Promotion Project of Major Maize Varieties with Super High Yield, Stress Tolerance, and Wide Adaptability in Northeast China","award":["2023ZD0402804-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZD0402804-2"]}]},{"name":"Project of Creating High-Yield, Density Tolerant, and Machine Harvested Maize Materials and Breeding New Varieties in Northeast China","award":["2023ZD0402702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZD0402702"]}]},{"name":"Project of Construction and Breeding Application of Precise Identification Technology System for Maize Disease Resistance","award":["CZKYF2024-1-A002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZKYF2024-1-A002"]}]},{"name":"Project of Construction of Genetic Control Network and Gene Mining for Maize Stalk Rot Resistance","award":["CZKYF2022-0-C007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZKYF2022-0-C007"]}]},{"name":"Project of Creating Excellent Maize Germplasm Resources and Technological Applications Using Whole Genome Selection Breeding Technology","award":["2022ZX02B02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZX02B02"]}]},{"name":"Project of Accurate Identification and Innovative Utilization of Excellent Maize Germplasm Resources in Northeast China","award":["GA23B021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA23B021"]}]},{"name":"Project of Design and cultivation of a new maize variety suitable for machine harvesting with high yield and density tolerance","award":["2023ZD0402702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZD0402702"]}]},{"name":"Open Project Funding from the Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education","award":["CXSTOP202401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXSTOP202401"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The wide use of antibiotics in multiple fields leads to their entry into the environment, challenging agriculture and ecology and potentially affecting maize seedling growth. In this study, maize variety Longken 10 was chosen as the experimental material. Subsequently, two antibiotics commonly utilized in production, namely oxytetracycline (OTC) belonging to the tetracycline class and ciprofloxacin (CIP) from the quinolone class, were selected. To comprehensively examine the impacts of these antibiotics on the phenotype, photosynthetic enzymes, nitrogen metabolism, and endogenous hormone contents of maize seedlings, a series of different concentration gradients (0, 3, 5, 30, 60, and 120 mg\u00b7L\u22121) were established, and the nutrient solution hydroponic method was employed. The results showed that, compared with the control group (CK), the activities of all indicators of maize seedlings were the strongest and the seedling growth was the most vigorous when the concentration of CIP was 5 mg\u00b7L\u22121 and that of OTC was 3 mg\u00b7L\u22121. The inhibitory effect of OTC on various indicators of maize seedlings was stronger than that of CIP. The underground parts of maize seedlings were more sensitive to OTC and CIP than the aboveground parts. Overall, maize seedlings exhibited a trend where high concentrations (30\u2013120 mg\u00b7L\u22121) of antibiotics inhibited growth, while low concentrations (3\u20135 mg\u00b7L\u22121) promoted growth. The treatment groups with 3\u20135 mg\u00b7L\u22121 of OTC and CIP increased maize seedling growth phenotypes, the robust growth of seedlings with enhanced vitality, and the relative water content of maize leaves; decreased the relative electrical conductivity of maize leaves, indicating reduced cell permeability; increased the activities of leaf photosynthetic enzymes (PEPCase, RUBPCase, PPDK, NADP-ME, and NADP-MDH); increased the levels of hormones (IAA, GA, and ZR) in maize leaves and roots; decreased the levels of ABA and MeJA; increased the levels of nitrogen metabolism-related enzymes (GS, GOGAT, and GAD) in roots and leaves; decreased the GDH level; enhanced root activity and increased various root parameters (including average diameter, number of root tips, total volume, total root length, and root surface area), indicating vigorous root growth. Compared with CK, the treatment groups with 30\u2013120 mg\u00b7L\u22121 of OTC and CIP reduced the phenotypes of maize seedlings, decreased the relative water content of maize leaves and increased the relative electrical conductivity of maize leaves, indicating enhanced cell permeability; reduced the activity of leaf photosynthetic enzymes, leading to weakened photosynthesis and decreased photosynthetic productivity; lowered the levels of IAA, GA, and ZR in leaves and roots of maize seedlings, and increased the levels of ABA and MeJA; decreased the levels of GS, GOGAT, and GAD in leaves and roots of maize seedlings, and increased the GDH level; reduced root activity, with the corresponding decrease in various root parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14193021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T08:21:51Z","timestamp":1759220511000},"page":"3021","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Do Oxytetracycline and Ciprofloxacin Affect Growth Phenotype, Leaf Photosynthetic Enzyme Activity, Nitrogen Metabolism, and Endogenous Hormone Homeostasis in Maize Seedlings?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mingquan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Maize Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoliang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maize Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanghui","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maize Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lixin","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maize Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoxin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maize Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianfei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maize Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiguo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maize Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.134618","article-title":"Combined contamination of microplastic and antibiotic alters the composition of microbial community and metabolism in wheat and maize rhizosphere soil","volume":"473","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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