{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T20:57:57Z","timestamp":1767992277703,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chen, Y.","award":["K5020223485"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K5020223485"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quantifying deep soil (10\u2013100 cm) and non-growing-season soil respiration (SR) is crucial for refining carbon (C) cycle models, yet the regulatory mechanisms governing these processes remain unclear. The novelty of this study lies in its focus on deep soils and non-growing seasons to elucidate how soil properties regulate SR under these special conditions. We conducted an on-site field experiment in the Caragana korshinskii plantation, measuring SR at soil depths of 0\u201310 cm, 10\u201350 cm, and 50\u2013100 cm during the non-growing season and growing. The results suggested that the annual cumulative soil CO2 fluxes reached 510.1 (0\u201310 cm), 131.5 (10\u201350 cm), and 45.3 g CO2\u00b7m\u22122 (50\u2013100 cm). These emissions during the non-growing season accounted for 33%, 31%, and 32%, respectively. The soil physical properties (temperature, moisture, bulk density) explained the greatest variation in SR during growing and non-growing periods, followed by the biological properties (\u03b1-diversity, root biomass) and chemical properties (soil organic C, ammonium nitrogen, total C\/nitrogen ratio). Depth-specific analysis demonstrated that soil physical properties explained the most SR variance at three depths with independent contributions of 78.9% (0\u201310 cm), 89.7% (10\u201350 cm), and 76.9% (50\u2013100 cm). These values exceeded the independent contributions of chemical properties (70.3%, 70.9%, 60.0%) and biological properties (54.9%, 45.1%, 41.6%) at the corresponding depths. Overall, deep soil and non-growing season SR represent important C emission sources; excluding them may therefore substantially overestimate net C sequestration potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14193038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T09:37:21Z","timestamp":1759311441000},"page":"3038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Depth and Seasonality of Soil Respiration in Caragana korshinskii Plantation on the Loess Plateau"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yarong","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, College of Soil and Water Conservation Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3711-1882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, College of Soil and Water Conservation Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China"},{"name":"Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2025.106536","article-title":"Soil respiration and carbon sequestration response to short-term fertilization in wheat-maize cropping system in the North China Plain","volume":"251","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2023.105749","article-title":"Soil respiration in response to biotic and abiotic factors under different mulching measures on rain-fed farmland","volume":"232","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161974","article-title":"Controls and variability of soil respiration temperature sensitivity across China","volume":"871","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. 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