{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:37:32Z","timestamp":1759797452842,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kasetsart University Research and Development Institute (KURDI), Bangkok, Thailand","award":["FF (KU) 12.69"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF (KU) 12.69"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Grammatophyllum speciosum Blume is an endangered wild orchid with medicinal properties. In this research, we propagated G. speciosum from vegetative organs grown under aseptic conditions. Subsequently, salinity stress was applied at the plantlet stage to investigate its effect on the accumulation of bioactive compounds. Half-strength Murashige and Skoog (\u00bd MS) medium supplemented with a combination of 1 mg of L\u22121 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 0.5 mg of L\u22121 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) proved to be a more suitable medium for shoot formation (32.33 \u00b1 2.52 shoots per explant). The protocorm-like bodies, derived from embryogenic callus, were transferred into a temporary immersion bioreactor (TIB) system; 10-min of immersion every 3 h enhanced the maximum number of shoots, shoot height, and the fresh growth index (127.00 \u00b1 2.16, 5.00 \u00b1 0.51 cm and 4.26 \u00b1 0.52, respectively). The proliferated plantlets from the TIB system successfully rooted in Vacin and Went medium. Furthermore, the plantlets were maintained in \u00bd MS medium supplemented with sodium chloride (NaCl) (0, 50, 100 or 200 \u00b5M) under a white light-emitting diode for 72 h to determine the total phenolic content (TPC) in the in vitro cultures. The TPC was highest in the medium with 100 \u00b5M of NaCl (111.06 \u00b1 2.24 mg gallic acid equivalent g\u22121 dry weight), the diphenyl picrylhydrazyl antioxidant activity was 24.50 \u00b1 0.76% and ferric-reducing antioxidant power values were in the range 2441.79 \u00b1 1.21 to 2491.96 \u00b1 3.23 \u00b5M ascorbic acid equivalent g\u22121 dry weight. The G. speciosum extracts showed antibacterial activity against acne pathogens, with minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values in the ranges 6.4\u201312.8 mg mL\u22121 and 12.8\u201325.6 mg mL\u22121, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14193083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T11:42:49Z","timestamp":1759750969000},"page":"3083","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Production of Bioactive Compounds in Grammatophyllum speciosum Blume Using Bioreactor Cultures Under Elicitation with Sodium Chloride"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jittraporn","family":"Chusrisom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gadewara","family":"Matmarurat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3520-8330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nattanan Panjaworayan","family":"T-Thienprasert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9681-6933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wannarat","family":"Phonphoem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9603-6865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pattama","family":"Tongkok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Fishery Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s12229-010-9050-z","article-title":"Conservation of the native orchids through seedling culture and reintroduction\u2014A Singapore experience","volume":"76","author":"Yam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bot. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teoh, E.S. (2016). Medicinal Orchids of Asia, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24274-3"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3752169","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/3752169","article-title":"Antiproliferative effect of Grammatophyllum speciosum ethanolic extract and its bioactive compound on human breast cancer cells","volume":"2021","author":"Chowjarean","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yingchutrakul, Y., Sittisaree, W., Mahatnirunkul, T., Chomtong, T., Tulyananda, T., and Krobthong, S. (2021). Cosmeceutical potentials of Grammatophyllum speciosum extracts: Anti-inflammations and anti-collagenase activities with phytochemical profile analysis using an untargeted metabolomics approach. Cosmetics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics8040116"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chowjarean, V., Phiboonchaiyanan, P.P., and Harikarnpakdee, S. (2022). Skin brightening efficacy of Grammatophyllum speciosum: A prospective, split-face, randomized placebo-controlled study. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su142416829"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e33330","article-title":"Determination of flavonoid content in Grammatophyllum speciosum and in vitro evaluation of their anti-skin cancer and antibacterial activities","volume":"10","author":"Thamrongwatwongsa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015668610465","article-title":"Temporary immersion systems in plant micropropagation","volume":"69","author":"Etienne","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Rathore, J.S., Rathore, V., Shekhawat, N.S., Singh, R.P., Liler, G., and Phulwaria, M. (2004). Micropropagation of woody plants. Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Markers, Springer."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-018-2910-1","article-title":"In vitro plant tissue culture: Means for production of biological active compounds","volume":"248","year":"2018","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cardoso, J.C., Zanello, C.A., and Chen, J.T. (2020). An Overview of Orchid Protocorm-Like Bodies: Mass Propagation, Biotechnology, Molecular Aspects, and Breeding. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21030985"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"63","article-title":"Efficiency evaluation of vanda tricolor growth in temporary immerse system bioreactor and thin layer culture system","volume":"3","author":"Esyanti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Adv. Agric. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00040116","article-title":"Comparison of methods of liquid medium culture for banana micropropagation: Effects of temporary immersion of explants","volume":"32","author":"Alvard","year":"1993","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s11627-001-0133-8","article-title":"Field performance of temporary immersion bioreactor-derived sugarcane plants","volume":"37","author":"Lorenzo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vitr. Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.14295\/oh.v24i2.1181","article-title":"Bioreactor in the micropropagation of ornamental pineapple","volume":"24","author":"Reis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ornam. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bello-Bello, J.J., Schettino-Salom\u00f3n, S., Ortega-Espinoza, J., and Spinoso-Castillo, J.L. (2021). A temporary immersion system for mass micropropagation of pitahaya (Hylocereus undatus). 3 Biotech, 11.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-021-02984-5"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gautam, S., Solis-Gracia, N., Teale, M.K., Mandadi, K., and Silva JAd Vales, M.I. (2021). Development of an in vitro microtuberization and temporary immersion bioreactor system to evaluate heat stress tolerance in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). Front. Plant Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.700328"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Carlo, A., Tarraf, W., Lambardi, M., and Benelli, C. (2021). Temporary immersion system for production of biomass and bioactive compounds from medicinal plants. Agronomy, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11122414"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0734-9750(99)00026-9","article-title":"In vitro manipulation and propagation of medicinal plants","volume":"18","author":"Rout","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le, K.-C., Dedicova, B., Johansson, S., Lelu-Walter, M.-A., and Egertsdotter, U. (2021). Temporary immersion bioreactor system for propagation by somatic embryogenesis of hybrid larch (Larix \u00d7 eurolepis Henry). Biotechnol. Rep., 32.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2021.e00684"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"8302","article-title":"Comparison of liquid culture methods and effect of temporary immersion bioreactor on growth and multiplication of banana (Musa, cv. Dwarf Cavendish)","volume":"11","author":"Farahani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgeb.2017.07.005","article-title":"Micropropagation of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) in liquid medium by temporary immersion bioreactor in comparison with solid culture","volume":"15","author":"Ahmadian","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Genet. Eng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-022-02441-y","article-title":"Micropropagation of Brassavola nodosa (L.) Lindl. using SETIS\u2122 bioreactor","volume":"153","author":"Vendrame","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. (PCTOC)"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2022.05.059","article-title":"Cattleya tigrina (Orchidaceae) in vitro regeneration: Main factors for optimal protocorm-like body induction and multiplication, plantlet regeneration, and cytogenetic stability","volume":"149","author":"Fritsche","year":"2022","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2013.11.049","article-title":"Production of biomass and bioactive compounds in protocorm cultures of Dendrobium candidum Wall ex Lindl. using balloon type bubble bioreactors","volume":"53","author":"Cui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1166\/jbmb.2019.1852","article-title":"Micropropagation of Dendrobium nobile Lindl. plantlets by temporary immersion bioreactor","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biobased Mater. Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"207","article-title":"Virus elimination through meristem culture and rapid clonal propagation by temporary immersion system in Phalaenopsis","volume":"57","author":"Kang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Taiwan Soc. Hortic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-017-1169-8","article-title":"Antimicrobial and hormetic effects of silver nanoparticles on in vitro regeneration of vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrews) using a temporary immersion system","volume":"129","author":"Bogdanchikova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. (PCTOC)"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Obchant, T. (2003). Orchids of Thailand. Baanlaesuan, Office of Environmental Policy and Planning."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Nitcha, L. (2016). Academic Documents \u201cGrammatophyllum speciosum\u201d, Department of Agriculture."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.2306\/scienceasia1513-1874.2014.40.379","article-title":"Protocorm-like body proliferation of Grammatophyllum speciosum through asymbiotic seed germination","volume":"40","author":"Samala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Asia"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1093\/mp\/ssr007","article-title":"Auxin\u2013cytokinin interaction regulates meristem development","volume":"4","author":"Su","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"23","article-title":"Benzyl adenine in plant tissue culture-succinct analysis of the overall influence in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill.] seed and shoot culture establishment","volume":"11","author":"Mangena","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biotech Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2009.06.010","article-title":"Cytokinin-auxin crosstalk","volume":"14","author":"Moubayidin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1023\/B:TICU.0000007291.31439.6c","article-title":"Influence of liquid pulse treatment with growth regulators on in vitro propagation of banana (Musa spp. AAA)","volume":"76","author":"Madhulatha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"2446","article-title":"Effect of benzylaminopurine (BAP) pulsing on in vitro shoot multiplication of Musa acuminata (banana) cv. Berangan","volume":"10","author":"Jafari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.3923\/ajps.2004.406.409","article-title":"In vitro response and shoot multiplication of banana with BAP and NAA","volume":"3","author":"Rahman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Asian J. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2018.01.007","article-title":"Optimizing factors affecting development and propagation of Bletilla striata in a temporary immersion bioreactor system","volume":"232","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-018-1526-2","article-title":"High-frequency protocorm-like bodies and shoot regeneration through a combination of thin cell layer and RITA\u00ae temporary immersion bioreactor in Cattleya forbesii Lindl","volume":"136","author":"Bayraktar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. (PCTOC)"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reyes-Beristain, B., Mancilla-\u00c1lvarez, E., L\u00f3pez-Buenfil, J.A., and Bello-Bello, J.J. (2025). Temporary Immersion Bioreactor for In Vitro Multiplication of Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.). Horticulturae, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae11070842"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.1962.tb08052.x","article-title":"A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures","volume":"15","author":"Murashige","year":"1962","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1086\/335561","article-title":"Some pH changes in nutrient solutions","volume":"110","author":"Vacin","year":"1949","journal-title":"Bot. Gaz."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s11627-009-9247-1","article-title":"Spent medium analysis for liquid culture micropropagation of Hemerocallis on Murashige and Skoog medium","volume":"46","author":"Adelberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vitr. Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012002","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/1102\/1\/012002","article-title":"Effect of coconut water and peptone in micropropagation of Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume Orchid","volume":"1102","author":"Salsabila","year":"2022","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.4236\/ajps.2022.133023","article-title":"In-vitro micropropagation and acclimatization of an endangered native orchid using organic supplements","volume":"13","author":"Costa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"219","article-title":"Validated RP-HPLC method for quantification of gastrodin in ethanolic extract from the pseudobulbs of Grammatophyllum speciosum blume","volume":"22","author":"Chowjarean","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malays. J. Anal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2018.09.012","article-title":"In silico characterization and transcriptional modulation of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) by abiotic stresses in the medicinal orchid Vanda coerulea Griff. ex Lindl","volume":"156","author":"Nag","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7840","DOI":"10.5897\/AJB10.982","article-title":"Effects of salt stress on micropropagation of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)","volume":"10","author":"Boudjeniba","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2011.06.024","article-title":"NaCl plays a key role for in vitro micropropagation of Salicornia brachiata, an extreme halophyte","volume":"35","author":"Joshi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3923\/ajps.2018.120.128","article-title":"Effect of NaCl on growth and development of in vitro plants of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) \u2019Khainazi\u2019 cultivar","volume":"17","author":"Alturki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s12298-020-00798-y","article-title":"Effect of salt stress on in vitro organogenesis from nodal explant of Limnophila aromatica (Lamk.) Merr. and Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. and their physio-morphological and biochemical responses","volume":"26","author":"Dogan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s13580-018-0057-4","article-title":"Physiological responses of potted Dendrobium orchid to salinity stress","volume":"59","author":"Abdullakasim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hortic. Environ. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-010-9738-0","article-title":"Overexpression of a Malus vacuolar Na+\/H+ antiporter gene (MdNHX1) in apple rootstock M. 26 and its influence on salt tolerance","volume":"102","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. (PCTOC)"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.3390\/stresses3030040","article-title":"An Overview of Plant phenolics and their involvement in abiotic stress tolerance","volume":"3","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stresses"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasanuzzaman, M., and Fujita, M. (2022). Plant Responses and Tolerance to Salt Stress: Physiological and Molecular Interventions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094810"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"100164","article-title":"Study of salinity induced oxidative stress and antioxidant responses in callus cultures of sugarcane","volume":"26","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Genet. Genom."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2010.08.016","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants","volume":"48","author":"Gill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2008.09.003","article-title":"Biotechnological approach of improving plant salt tolerance using antioxidants as markers","volume":"27","author":"Ashraf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kesawat, M.S., Satheesh, N., Kherawat, B.S., Kumar, A., Kim, H.-U., Chung, S.-M., and Kumar, M. (2023). Regulation of reactive oxygen species during salt stress in plants and their crosstalk with other signaling molecules\u2014Current perspectives and future directions. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12040864"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, C., Guo, B., Wang, B., Li, X., Yang, T., Li, N., Wang, J., and Yu, Q. (2022). Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis reveals the role of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway in tomato roots during salt stress. Front. Plant Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.1023696"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, J., Wang, F., Yuan, M., Wang, Z., Qin, Z., Zhang, X., Shao, Y., and Pei, H. (2025). Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals That the Photosynthesis and Carotenoid Metabolism Pathway Is Involved in the Salinity Stress Response in Brassica rapa L. ssp. Pekinensis. Plants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14040566"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Qi, Y., Zhao, C., Wang, X., and Zhang, Q. (2021). Transcriptome Profiling of the Salt Stress Response in the Leaves and Roots of Halophytic Eutrema salsugineum. Front. Genet., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.770742"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2023.117893","article-title":"PagMYB73 enhances salt stress tolerance by regulating reactive oxygen species scavenging and osmotic maintenance in poplar","volume":"208","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, Y.H., L\u00fc, Z.L., Li, Y.H., Jiang, Y., and Zhang, J.L. (2024). Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis reveals the role of root phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway in the salt tolerance of perennial ryegrass. BMC Plant Biol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-024-05961-1"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Nagananda, G., Rajath, S., Shankar, P.A., and Rajani, M.L. (2013). Phytochemical evaluation and in vitro free radical scavenging activity of successive whole plant extract of orchid Cottonia peduncularis. Res. Art Biol. Sci., 3."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2018.09.003","article-title":"Tyrosinase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of Orchid (Dendrobium spp.)","volume":"119","author":"Athipornchai","year":"2018","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.4314\/star.v4i1.27","article-title":"Antibacterial and radical scavenging activity of selected orchids of Karnataka, India","volume":"4","author":"Rashmi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Arts Res. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.12980\/jclm.4.2016J6-141","article-title":"The antioxidant activity of selected wild orchids of Nepal","volume":"4","author":"Chand","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Coast. Life Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tet.2012.11.082","article-title":"Glucopyranosyloxybenzyl derivatives of (R)-2-benzylmalic acid and (R)-eucomic acid, and an aromatic glucoside from the pseudobulbs of Grammatophyllum speciosum","volume":"69","author":"Sahakitpichan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"1608","article-title":"Study on the chemical constituents of Gastrodia elata","volume":"36","author":"Duan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Mater."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2012.0244","article-title":"Antibacterial activity and mode of action of ferulic and gallic acids against pathogenic bacteria","volume":"19","author":"Borges","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouarab-Chibane, L., Forquet, V., Lant\u00e9ri, P., Cl\u00e9ment, Y., L\u00e9onard-Akkari, L., Oulahal, N., Degraeve, P., and Bordes, C. (2019). Antibacterial properties of polyphenols: Characterization and qsar (quantitative structure-activity relationship) models. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00829"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytol.2019.03.005","article-title":"Antimicrobial gastrodin derivatives isolated from Bacopa procumbens","volume":"31","author":"Tortoriello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytochem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adamczak, A., O\u017carowski, M., and Karpi\u0144ski, T.M. (2019). Antibacterial activity of some flavonoids and organic acids widely distributed in plants. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9010109"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"149","article-title":"Preliminary study on the antimicrobial potential of phalaenopsis orchids methanolic extracts","volume":"24","author":"Irimescu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Bull. Ser. F Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Olivares, C.G. (2020). Studies on the Inhibitory Potential of Orchid Extracts Against Acne Associated Bacteria. [Bachelor\u2019s Thesis, Valencia Polytechnic University]."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"48","article-title":"A rapid microtitre plate Folin-Ciocalteu method for the assessment of polyphenols","volume":"8","author":"Attard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.5633","article-title":"High-throughput micro plate assays for screening flavonoid content and DPPH-scavenging activity in sorghum bran and flour","volume":"92","author":"Herald","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1996.0292","article-title":"The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a Measure of \u201cAntioxidant Power\u201d: The FRAP Assay","volume":"239","author":"Benzie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.13851","article-title":"The potential of aqueous and acetone extracts of galls of Quercus infectoria as antibacterial agents","volume":"37","author":"Basri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/14\/19\/3083\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T12:13:20Z","timestamp":1759752800000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/14\/19\/3083"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["plants14193083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants14193083","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]}}}