{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T01:41:22Z","timestamp":1791942082744,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, a slow-release fertilizer (SRF) was obtained by occluding NPK 10\u201310\u201310 into two matrices and compared with the uncoated mineral fertilizer (F). The first matrix, FOMI, used biosolids\/paper sludge at 3:1 (w\/w); the second, FOMII, used biosolids\/clay at 1:1 (w\/w). Materials and pellets were physiochemically and microbiologically characterized. Release kinetics were evaluated in water and in soil columns packed with acid-washed sand; matrix-only controls and sand blanks confirmed negligible background N, P, and K. The uncoated mineral fertilizer (F) showed a rapid burst, whereas occlusion slowed release. FOMII reduced release relative to F, and FOMI produced the slowest, controlled profiles: kinetic fits yielded lower k values for FOMI than for FOMII and F. FOMI also exhibited higher water-retention capacity (WRC) and cation-exchange capacity (CEC), consistent with its greater organic-matter content. In soil, FOMI released less than 15% at 48 h and no more than 75% at 30 d, meeting European Committee for Standardization (CEN) SRF criteria; FOMII released faster than FOMI but slower than F, which exceeded 90% within the test period. Therefore, FOMI is a biodegradable, low-cost SRF that improves fertilizer-use efficiency while returning organic matter to agricultural soils; FOMII shows intermediate yet beneficial performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14203154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T07:51:28Z","timestamp":1760428288000},"page":"3154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Development and Evaluation of a Slow-Release Occluded Fertilizer Employing Functionalized Biosolids as a Support Matrix"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Rodrigo Ram\u00edrez","family":"Palacios","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Group of Molecular Studies (GIEM), Chemistry Institute, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Street 67 No. 53-108, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Restrepo-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Group of Molecular Studies (GIEM), Chemistry Institute, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Street 67 No. 53-108, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosember","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, Technological University of Choc\u00f3, Carrera 22 No. 18B-10, Quibd\u00f3 270002, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel Acevedo","family":"Restrepo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Group of Molecular Studies (GIEM), Chemistry Institute, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Street 67 No. 53-108, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Pel\u00e1ez","family":"Jaramillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Group of Molecular Studies (GIEM), Chemistry Institute, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Street 67 No. 53-108, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madjar, R.M., Vasile Sc\u0103e\u021beanu, G., and Sandu, M.A. (2024). 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