{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T23:30:12Z","timestamp":1789601412229,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grant of Excellence Departments, MIUR-Italy Italian Ministry of University","award":["CUP ECCELLENZA_2023-27_BMCAE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP ECCELLENZA_2023-27_BMCAE"]}]},{"name":"European Union NextGenerationEU through the Rome Technopole Innovation Ecosystem grant\u2014PNRR Mission 4 Component 2 Investment 1.5","award":["CUP F83B22000040006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP F83B22000040006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Green roofs have increasingly been used in urban contexts to increase thermal insulation, provide habitat for species, and increase urban biodiversity. Here, we provide the results of a monitoring experiment to document (1) the survival rate of planted species of a green roof with no maintenance and (2) the natural colonization by new species of the same roof. Each month for one year, we conducted floristic and vegetation surveys, identifying the species of colonizers and monitoring the cover of both planted and wild species. We conducted various statistical tests to determine the driving factors of spontaneous plants\u2019 colonization of the unattended green roof. Among the planted species, several Mediterranean species thrived despite the lack of irrigation, and among these, Thymus serpyllum L. (a prostrate shrub) maintained the highest cover. The spontaneous colonization involved 62 species, including Mediterranean (38%) and exotic species (15%), primarily annual ruderals. The difficult climatic and pedological conditions (i.e., solar irradiation, soil structure) of the green roof have driven the colonization process and the survival of the colonizers. Research on dynamic colonization processes can contribute to designing green roofs with greater biodiversity, a more sustainable approach to long-term management, enhanced urban climate adaptation, and greater aesthetic appeal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14203180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T12:17:02Z","timestamp":1760617022000},"page":"3180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["How a Green Roof Becomes Biodiverse: Vegetation Analysis on a Green Roof with no Maintenance in Rome (Italy)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7368-7849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amii","family":"Bellini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Viale Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4415-2685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Savo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education Science, Roma Tre University, Via del Castro Pretorio 20, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0551-7100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Caneva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Viale Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), University of Palermo, Piazza Marina 61, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elettra","family":"D\u2019Amico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Viale Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Casalini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liceo Scientifico Statale Giovanni Keplero, Via Silvestro Gherardi, 87, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5917-561X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavia","family":"Bartoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Viale Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Heritage Science (CNR-ISPC), National Research Council of Italy, Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Strada della Neve s.n.c., 00010 Montelibretti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmqvist, T., Fragkias, M., Goodness, J., G\u00fcneralp, B., Marcotullio, P.J., McDonald, R.I., Parnell, S., Schewenius, M., Sendstad, M., and Seto, K.C. 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