{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T07:25:56Z","timestamp":1792135556107,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Medicinal plants have long been used for therapeutic purposes in the mountainous Hakk\u00e2ri region of southeastern T\u00fcrkiye. This study presents an integrated toxicological risk and therapeutic assessment of four ethnomedicinal species\u2014Daphne mucronata Royle, Ferula communis L., Heracleum persicum Desf., and Tragopogon coloratus C.A.Mey\u2014based on their flavonoid and phenolic composition, elemental content, and antioxidant capacity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to integrate multiple analytical platforms\u2014including HPLC, ICP-OES, AAS, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and SEM\/EDX\u2014to assess both the therapeutic potential and toxicological risks of these ethnomedicinal species. Although a complete phytochemical profile was not the objective of this study, selected phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity were evaluated to highlight bioactivity, while heavy metal-based risk assessment was prioritized given public health relevance. Antioxidant capacity was measured using DPPH, ABTS, and CUPRAC assays, while human health risks were quantified through Estimated Daily Consumption (EDC), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), Hazard Index (HI), and Carcinogenic Risk (CR). The results revealed a dual nature: Heracleum persicum exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, correlating with its high phenolic content, while Daphne mucronata showed elevated toxic metals exceeding WHO\/FAO thresholds. Overall, the findings emphasize the importance of combining ethnobotanical knowledge with robust analytical tools for safe medicinal plant usage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14213243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T02:03:48Z","timestamp":1761185028000},"page":"3243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Exploring the Therapeutic Potential and Toxicological Risks of Four Ethnomedicinal Plants from Hakk\u00e2ri (Southeastern Turkey): A First Comprehensive Analytical and Microstructural Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6980-4988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00fcl","family":"G\u00f6rmez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics Department, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, 65100 Van, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"764","article-title":"Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Daphne mucronata","volume":"39","author":"Lutfullah","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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