{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:33:21Z","timestamp":1790858001704,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013786","name":"Universidad Nacional de R\u00edo Negro","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PI-80520220100024RN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI-80520220100024RN"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013786","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Universidad Nacional Arturo Jauretche","award":["80020230100022UJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80020230100022UJ"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003947","name":"Universidad Nacional de La Plata","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["11\/M265"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11\/M265"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003947","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Triatoma infestans is one of the primary vectors of Chagas disease. This vector has developed increasing resistance to pyrethroids, the main insecticides used for its control. Recent studies have highlighted the repellent and lethal effects of Cannabis sativa on insects, suggesting its potential use in pest management. Based on this, we hypothesize that C. sativa could be a viable bioactive for controlling T. infestans. To test this hypothesis, acetone and ethanol extracts were obtained from the inflorescences of C. sativa L. (Deep Mandarine variety) using sonication. These extracts were analyzed through gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. The repellent and lethal effects of the extracts were evaluated on fifth-instar nymphs of T. infestans from a laboratory colony, as well as on the beneficial non-target species, Apis mellifera. The most abundant terpenes identified were \u03b2-caryophyllene and \u03b2-pinene, with concentrations exceeding 100 ppm in both extracts. Cannabidiol and \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol were the predominant cannabinoids. Both extracts exhibited maximum lethal activity 48 h after insect contact, with the acetone extract demonstrating a potency five times greater than the ethanolic extract. Binary combinations of C. sativa extracts with major terpenes showed dose-dependent interactions against T. infestans, ranging from strong synergy (e.g., AE + \u03b2-caryophyllene, CI = 0.06\u20130.17) to marked antagonism (e.g., AE + E-ocimene, CI = 1.60\u20134.80). Furthermore, the acetone extract showed a more effective repellent action compared to the ethanol extract, even outperforming N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET, positive control). At a concentration of 25 \u00b5g\/cm2 for 60 min, the acetone extract achieved a 100% repellent effect, whereas DEET required a concentration of 50 \u00b5g\/cm2 to achieve the same effect. Unlike imidacloprid (positive control), neither extract showed toxicity to adult A. mellifera at the evaluated doses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14213258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T07:31:58Z","timestamp":1761550318000},"page":"3258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Repellent, Lethal Activity, and Synergism of Cannabis sativa Extracts with Terpenes Against a Laboratory Colony of Triatoma infestans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8562-6317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mart\u00edn M.","family":"Dad\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, UNAJ-CICPBA, Florencio Varela 1888, Argentina"},{"name":"Escuela de Veterinaria y Producci\u00f3n Agroindustrial, Universidad Nacional de R\u00edo Negro, Choele Choel 8360, Argentina"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina"},{"name":"Carrera de Veterinaria, Universidad de Ciencias Empresariales y Sociales (UCES), Ca\u00f1uelas 1814, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mart\u00edn R.","family":"Daniele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Veterinaria y Producci\u00f3n Agroindustrial, Universidad Nacional de R\u00edo Negro, Choele Choel 8360, Argentina"},{"name":"Carrera de Veterinaria, Universidad de Ciencias Empresariales y Sociales (UCES), Ca\u00f1uelas 1814, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6714-8571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asociaci\u00f3n Civil Cultivar Ciencia Argentina, La Plata 1900, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asociaci\u00f3n Civil Cultivar Ciencia Argentina, La Plata 1900, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7649-2318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria P\u00eda","family":"Silvestrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Olavarr\u00eda 7400, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9541-9688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo R.","family":"Schinella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, UNAJ-CICPBA, Florencio Varela 1888, Argentina"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6380-6453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo H.","family":"Marin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Barrio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIT R\u00edo Negro, Universidad Nacional de R\u00edo Negro, Viedma 8500, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2649-1691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose M.","family":"Prieto Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Natural Products Discovery, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2018.12.003","article-title":"Global Vector Control Guidelines\u2014The Need For Co-Creation","volume":"35","author":"Devine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.05.014","article-title":"Insecticide Resistance in Vector Chagas Disease: Evolution, Mechanisms and Management","volume":"149","author":"Picollo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"WHO (2025, August 01). Chagas Disease (Also Known as American Trypanosomiasis), Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/chagas-disease-(american-trypanosomiasis)."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0081-2015","article-title":"History of Insecticide Resistance of Triatominae Vectors","volume":"48","author":"Pessoa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-0276140100","article-title":"Is Imidacloprid an Effective Alternative for Controlling Pyrethroid-Resistant Populations of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in the Gran Chaco Ecoregion?","volume":"109","author":"Carvajal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762010000600004","article-title":"Residual Effect of a Micro-Encapsulated Formulation of Organophosphates and Piriproxifen on the Mortality of Deltamethrin Resistant Triatoma infestans Populations in Rural Houses of the Bolivian Chaco Region","volume":"105","author":"Alarico","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109092","article-title":"A Study of the Effects of Imidacloprid under Laboratory and Field Conditions on Nymphs of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)","volume":"280","author":"Daniele","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2020.107986","article-title":"First Report of the Lethal Activity and Synergism between Deltamethrin, Amitraz and Piperonyl Butoxide against Susceptible and Pyrethroid-Resistant Nymphs of Triatoma infestans","volume":"218","author":"Daniele","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2006.03.004","article-title":"Biological Activity of Schinus molle on Triatoma infestans","volume":"77","author":"Ferrero","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dad\u00e9, M., Zeinsteger, P., Bozzolo, F., and Mestorino, N. (2018). Repellent and Lethal Activities of Extracts From Fruits of Chinaberry (Melia azedarach L., Meliaceae) Against Triatoma infestans. Front. Vet. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00158"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.37360\/blacpma.20.19.4.26","article-title":"Repellent Activity of the Essential Oil from Laurelia sempervirens (Ruiz & Pav.) Tul. (Monimiaceae) on Triatoma infestans (Klug) (Reduviidae)","volume":"19","author":"Mojica","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bol. Latinoam. Caribe Plantas Med. Aromat."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjx068","article-title":"The Botanical Monoterpenes Linalool and Eugenol Flush-Out Nymphs of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)","volume":"54","author":"Moretti","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02861426","article-title":"The Origin and Use of Cannabis in Eastern Asia Linguistic-Cultural Implications","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"1974","journal-title":"Econ. Bot."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-008-9094-4","article-title":"Secondary Metabolism in Cannabis","volume":"7","author":"Verpoorte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kinghorn, A.D., Falk, H., Gibbons, S., and Kobayashi, J. (2018). Phytocannabinoids: Unraveling the Complex Chemistry and Pharmacology of Cannabis sativa, Springer. Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 2017 edition.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45541-9"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Pertwee, R. (2016). The Pharmacological History of Cannabis. Handbook of Cannabis, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14028","article-title":"Parasitic Pharmacology: A Plausible Mechanism of Action for Cannabidiol","volume":"86","author":"Groeneveld","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"98","article-title":"Analgesic Potential of Terpenes Derived from Cannabis sativa","volume":"73","author":"Keresztes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"65","article-title":"Insecticidal Activity of Cannabis sativa L Leaf Essential Oil on the Malaria Vector Anopheles gambiae s.l (Giles)","volume":"5","author":"Abe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mosq. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2018.05.032","article-title":"The Essential Oil from Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) by-Products as an Effective Tool for Insect Pest Management in Organic Crops","volume":"122","author":"Benelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"117","article-title":"Evaluation of Insecticidal Properties of an Indigenous Plant, Cannabis sativa Linn., against Mosquito Larvae under Laboratory Conditions","volume":"17","author":"Jalees","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Entomol. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stefkov, G., Cvetkovikj Karanfilova, I., Stoilkovska Gjorgievska, V., Trajkovska, A., Geskovski, N., Karapandzova, M., and Kulevanova, S. (2022). Analytical Techniques for Phytocannabinoid Profiling of Cannabis and Cannabis-Based Products\u2014A Comprehensive Review. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27030975"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andre, C.M., Hausman, J.-F., and Guerriero, G. (2016). Cannabis sativa: The Plant of the Thousand and One Molecules. Front. Plant Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.00019"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aliferis, K.A., and Bernard-Perron, D. (2020). Cannabinomics: Application of Metabolomics in Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) Research and Development. Front. Plant Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.00554"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jadhav, P.D., Shim, Y.Y., Paek, O.J., Jeon, J.-T., Park, H.-J., Park, I., Park, E.-S., Kim, Y.J., and Reaney, M.J.T. (2023). A Metabolomics and Big Data Approach to Cannabis Authenticity (Authentomics). Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24098202"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, P.C., Vista, A.R., Tabil, L.G., and Baik, O.-D. (2022). Postharvest Operations of Cannabis and Their Effect on Cannabinoid Content: A Review. Bioengineering, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9080364"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"WHO (1994). Protocolo de evaluation de efecto insecticida sobre triatominos. Acta Toxicol. Argent., 2, 29\u201332."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620190726","article-title":"Characteristics of Imidacloprid Toxicity in Two Apis mellifera Subspecies","volume":"19","author":"Suchail","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0065-2571(84)90007-4","article-title":"Quantitative Analysis of Dose-Effect Relationships: The Combined Effects of Multiple Drugs or Enzyme Inhibitors","volume":"22","author":"Chou","year":"1984","journal-title":"Adv. Enzym. Regul."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2025, January 31). Report of The16th FAO\/WHO Joint Meeting on Pesticide Management: Geneva, Switzerland and Online, 6\u201310 November 2023. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240089808."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.56093\/ijas.v92i11.122746","article-title":"Essential Oils as Green Pesticides: An Overview","volume":"92","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2021.0095","article-title":"The Use of Cannabis sativa L. for Pest Control: From the Ethnobotanical Knowledge to a Systematic Review of Experimental Studies","volume":"7","author":"Ona","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1039\/b617536h","article-title":"What Is a Green Solvent? A Comprehensive Framework for the Environmental Assessment of Solvents","volume":"9","author":"Capello","year":"2007","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2025, January 30). Biorenewable Solvents. Available online: https:\/\/www.sigmaaldrich.com\/GB\/en\/campaigns\/biorenewable-solvents."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"227","article-title":"Biopesticidal Efficacy of Berberis Lycium L. and Cannabis sativa L. against Callosobruchus chinensis L (1758) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)","volume":"29","author":"Thakur","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"941","article-title":"Larval Susceptibility of Aloe barbadensis and Cannabis sativa against Culex quinquefasciatus, the Filariasis Vector","volume":"29","author":"Maurya","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Environ. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5967.2007.00105.x","article-title":"Larvicidal Efficacy of Aloe barbadensis and Cannabis sativa against the Malaria Vector Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"37","author":"Maurya","year":"2007","journal-title":"Entomol. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Busvine, J.R. (1971). A Critical Review of the Techniques for Testing Insecticides."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1159\/000509733","article-title":"Terpenes\/Terpenoids in Cannabis: Are They Important?","volume":"3","author":"Hod","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Cannabis Cannabinoids"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4556","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c00635","article-title":"Pesticidal Activity and Mode of Action of Monoterpenes","volume":"70","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2008.02.009","article-title":"Bioactivity of Ocimum gratissimum L. Oil and Two of Its Constituents against Five Insect Pests Attacking Stored Food Products","volume":"44","author":"Ogendo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maisonnasse, A., Lenoir, J.-C., Beslay, D., Crauser, D., Le Conte, Y., and Giurfa, M. (2010). E-Beta-Ocimene, a Volatile Brood Pheromone Involved in Social Regulation in the Honey Bee Colony (Apis mellifera). PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013531"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1934578X1300801001","article-title":"Guaiol\u2014A Naturally Occurring Insecticidal Sesquiterpene","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Ghanim, K.A., Krishnappa, K., Pandiyan, J., Nicoletti, M., Gurunathan, B., Govindarajan, M., Al-Ghanim, K.A., Krishnappa, K., Pandiyan, J., and Nicoletti, M. (2023). Insecticidal Potential of Matricaria chamomilla\u2019s Essential Oil and Its Components (E)-\u03b2-Farnesene, Germacrene D, and \u03b1-Bisabolol Oxide A against Agricultural Pests, Malaria, and Zika Virus Vectors. Agriculture, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture13040779"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2020.112844","article-title":"Phytol, (E)-Nerolidol and Spathulenol from Stevia Rebaudiana Leaf Essential Oil as Effective and Eco-Friendly Botanical Insecticides against Metopolophium dirhodum","volume":"155","author":"Benelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2023.102749","article-title":"The Insecticidal Activity of Essential Oil Constituents against Pyrethroid-Resistant Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"95","author":"Koekemoer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2016.03.008","article-title":"Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus Essential Oils as Novel Control Tools against the Invasive Mosquito Aedes albopictus and Fresh Water Snail Physella acuta","volume":"85","author":"Bedini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1934578X20926729","article-title":"Chemical Composition of Volatile Oils of Fresh and Air-Dried Buds of Cannabis chemovars, Their Insecticidal and Repellent Activities","volume":"15","author":"Wanas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aspen.2021.02.003","article-title":"Volatiles from Marina neglecta: Biocide Effect on Insect Vectors of Tropical Diseases in Southern Mexico","volume":"24","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Asia-Pac. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarma, R., Adhikari, K., Mahanta, S., and Khanikor, B. (2019). Combinations of Plant Essential Oil Based Terpene Compounds as Larvicidal and Adulticidal Agent against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45908-3"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"4595823","article-title":"Terpenes: Natural Products for Controlling Insects of Importance to Human Health\u2014A Structure-Activity Relationship Study","volume":"2016","author":"Dambolena","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psyche J. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mantzoukas, S., Ntoukas, A., Lagogiannis, I., Kalyvas, N., Eliopoulos, P., and Poulas, K. (2020). Larvicidal Action of Cannabidiol Oil and Neem Oil against Three Stored Product Insect Pests: Effect on Survival Time and in Progeny. Biology, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology9100321"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.1078","article-title":"Cannabinoid Receptors Are Absent in Insects","volume":"436","author":"McPartland","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maelicke, A. (1989). Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in the Nervous System of Insects. Molecular Biology of Neuroreceptors and Ion Channels, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-74155-5"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"uhad207","DOI":"10.1093\/hr\/uhad207","article-title":"Cannabinoids Function in Defense against Chewing Herbivores in Cannabis sativa L.","volume":"10","author":"Stack","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hortic. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez Rodr\u00edguez, E.J., Phelan, P.L., Canas, L., Acosta, N., Rakotondraibe, H.L., and Piermarini, P.M. (2024). Larvicidal Activity of Hemp Extracts and Cannabidiol against the Yellow Fever Mosquito Aedes Aegypti. Insects, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202405.0447.v1"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S.-H., Staples, S.K., Gostin, E.L., Smith, J.P., Vigil, J.J., Seifried, D., Kinney, C., Pauli, C.S., and Heuvel, B.D.V. (2019). Contrasting Roles of Cannabidiol as an Insecticide and Rescuing Agent for Ethanol\u2013Induced Death in the Tobacco Hornworm Manduca sexta. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47017-7"}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/14\/21\/3258\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T05:14:23Z","timestamp":1761714863000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/14\/21\/3258"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["plants14213258"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants14213258","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]}}}