{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T09:34:41Z","timestamp":1781948081975,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2021-123675OB-C43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-123675OB-C43"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TED2021-129770B-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED2021-129770B-C21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Government of Arag\u00f3n","award":["20244097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20244097"]}]},{"name":"Government of Arag\u00f3n","award":["S74_23R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S74_23R"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Agricultural and ecological systems are threatened by extreme and compound climate extremes such as hotter droughts. These events are characterized by elevated maximum temperatures, leading to atmospheric drought, and reduced precipitation, leading to soil drought. Such conditions reduce plant productivity and are increasing mortality trees in forests worldwide. Some forest types are particularly vulnerable to hotter droughts such as some European mountain silver fir (Abies alba) forests. However, we still lack conceptual frameworks linking hotter droughts and rising VPD with growth decline and tree death. This review elucidates physiological responses to drought in conifers with a focus on silver fir. In silver fir declining populations, prolonged stomatal closure under elevated VPD can lead to reduced growth, and impaired xylem development, potentially triggering positive feedback that exacerbates hydraulic limitations. We also review the ecological significance of xylem vulnerability to embolism, identifying the critical water potential thresholds that determine silver fir survival and hydraulic failure risk under soil water deficit. These findings underscore the importance of both atmospheric and soil drought as physiological stressors causing forest decline, and highlight the need for further research into adaptive strategies and early warning indicators in tree species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14213308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:50:19Z","timestamp":1761785419000},"page":"3308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["How Warmer and Drier Conditions Drive Forest Dieback and Tree Death: A Review and Conceptual Model for Silver Fir"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4053-6681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eustaquio","family":"Gil-Pelegr\u00edn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Estaci\u00f3n Experimental Aula Dei (EEAD-CSIC), 50059 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8903-2935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Javier","family":"Peguero-Pina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda Agroalimentaria de Arag\u00f3n (CITA), 50059 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n-IA2, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda Agroalimentaria de Arag\u00f3n (CITA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Suelos y Riegos, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda Agroalimentaria de Arag\u00f3n (CITA), Estaci\u00f3n Experimental Aula Dei (EEAD-CSIC), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9584-7471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domingo","family":"Sancho-Knapik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda Agroalimentaria de Arag\u00f3n (CITA), 50059 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n-IA2, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda Agroalimentaria de Arag\u00f3n (CITA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Suelos y Riegos, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda Agroalimentaria de Arag\u00f3n (CITA), Estaci\u00f3n Experimental Aula Dei (EEAD-CSIC), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"Arrechea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Planificaci\u00f3n y Gesti\u00f3n Forestal, Gobierno de Arag\u00f3n, 50071 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2436-2922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Julio","family":"Camarero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Pirenaico de Ecolog\u00eda (IPE-CSIC), 50059 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1466-822X.2002.00274.x","article-title":"The importance of rapid, disturbance-induced losses in carbon management and sequestration","volume":"11","author":"Breshears","year":"2002","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2009.09.001","article-title":"A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests","volume":"259","author":"Allen","year":"2010","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2008.02436.x","article-title":"Mechanisms of plant survival and mortality during drought: Why do some plants survive while others succumb to drought?","volume":"178","author":"McDowell","year":"2008","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2007.01080.x","article-title":"Apparent climatically induced increase of tree mortality rates in a temperate forest","volume":"10","author":"Stephenson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO.2003.93.8.1052","article-title":"Evolution of concepts in forest pathology","volume":"93","author":"Manion","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Manion, P.D. (1981). Tree Disease Concepts, Prentice Hall."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2004.00941.x","article-title":"Factors predisposing episodic drought-induced tree mortality in Nothofagus-site, climatic sensitivity and growth trends","volume":"92","author":"Suarez","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-005-0126-2","article-title":"Drought as an inciting mortality factor in Scots pine stands of the Valais, Switzerland","volume":"9","author":"Bigler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frelich, L.E. (2002). Forest Dynamics and Disturbance Regimes: Studies from Temperate Evergreen-Deciduous Forests, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511542046"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1094\/PD-78-1021","article-title":"Waldsterben in the forests of Central Europe and Eastern North America: Fantasy or reality?","volume":"78","author":"Skelly","year":"1994","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2011.05.009","article-title":"Synergistic effects of past historical logging and drought on the decline of Pyrenean silver fir forests","volume":"262","author":"Camarero","year":"2011","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crespo-Antia, J.P., Gonz\u00e1lez de Andr\u00e9s, E., Gazol, A., Camarero, J.J., and Linares, J.C. (2024). Tree-Level Climate Sensitivity Reveals Size Effects and Impending Growth Decline in Silver Fir Affected by Dieback. Forests, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/f15060999"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.17221\/172\/2022-JFS","article-title":"The Increasing Drought Sensitivity of Silver Fir (Abies alba Mill.) Is Evident in the Last Two Decades","volume":"69","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, P.-B., Wang, L.-Y., Wang, L.-J., Jia, Y., Li, Z.-H., Bai, G., Zhao, R.-M., Liang, W., Wang, H.-Y., and Guo, F.-X. (2022). Distributional Response of the Rare and Endangered Tree Species Abies chensiensis to Climate Change in East Asia. Biology, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11111659"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03525","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.3525","article-title":"Persistent Yet Vulnerable: Resurvey of an Abies Ecotone Reveals Few Differences but Vulnerability to Climate Change","volume":"102","author":"Nelson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bled\u00fd, M., Vacek, S., Brabec, P., Vacek, Z., Cukor, J., \u010cern\u00fd, J., \u0160ev\u010d\u00edk, R., and Brynychov\u00e1, K. (2024). Silver Fir (Abies alba Mill.): Review of Ecological Insights, Forest Management Strategies, and Climate Change\u2019s Impact on European Forests. Forests, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202404.1584.v1"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2021.119537","article-title":"Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) is able to thrive and prosper under meso-Mediterranean conditions","volume":"498","author":"Walder","year":"2021","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-012-9782-8","article-title":"Impacts of changing climate and land use on vegetation dynamics in a Mediterranean ecosystem: Insights from paleoecology and dynamic modeling","volume":"28","author":"Henne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1890\/150027","article-title":"Reviving extinct Mediterranean forest communities may improve ecosystem potential in a warmer future","volume":"13","author":"Henne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1890\/12-2231.1","article-title":"The past ecology of Abies alba provides new perspectives on future responses of silver fir forests to global warming","volume":"83","author":"Tinner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motta, R., Garbarino, M., Berretti, R., Bono, A., Curovic, M., Duki\u0107, V., and Nola, P. (2023). Monastic Silviculture Legacies and Current Old-Growthness of Silver Fir (Abies alba) Forests in the Northern Apennines (Italy). Front. For. Glob. Change, 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/ffgc.2023.1252462"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2007.06.017","article-title":"Decline of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) stands in the Spanish Pyrenees: Role of management, historic dynamics and pathogens","volume":"252","author":"Oliva","year":"2007","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(02)00607-2","article-title":"Environmental factors related to damage by Heterobasidion abietinum in Abies alba forests in Southern Italy","volume":"180","author":"Puddu","year":"2003","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2219825120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2219825120","article-title":"Climate change will accelerate the high-end risk of compound drought and heatwave events","volume":"120","author":"Tripathy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29289-2","article-title":"Global field observations of tree die-off reveal hotter-drought fingerprint for Earth\u2019s forests","volume":"13","author":"Hammond","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abn9668","article-title":"Harnessing the potential of nature-based solutions for mitigating and adapting to climate change","volume":"376","author":"Seddon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16599","article-title":"Drought-induced increase in tree mortality and corresponding decrease in the carbon sink capacity of Canada\u2019s boreal forests from 1970 to 2020","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob. Chang Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, W., Huang, S., Liu, L., Leng, G., Huang, Q., Chen, D., Li, J., Li, P., Wang, Y., and Zhu, X. (2025). Global Critical Drought Thresholds of Terrestrial Carbon Sink\u2013Source Transition. Glob. Change Biol., 31.","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70129"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151604","article-title":"Compound climate events increase tree drought mortality across European forests","volume":"816","author":"Gazol","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.16485","article-title":"Plant responses to rising vapor pressure deficit","volume":"226","author":"Grossiord","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griebel, A., Bennett, L.T., Metzen, D., Pendall, E., Lane, P.N.J., and Arndt, S.K. (2020). Trading water for carbon: Maintaining photosynthesis at the cost of increased water loss during high temperatures in a temperate forest. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci., 125.","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JG005239"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13541","article-title":"Assessing forest vulnerability to climate warming using a process-based model of tree growth: Bad prospects for rear-edges","volume":"23","author":"Camarero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.1979.tb00769.x","article-title":"Stomatal aperture and the sensing of the environment by guard cells","volume":"2","author":"Sheriff","year":"1979","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.45.4.415","article-title":"Stomatal responses to pressure changes and interruptions in the water supply of detached leaves of Zea mays L","volume":"45","author":"Raschke","year":"1970","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00386887","article-title":"Responses of stomata to changes in humidity","volume":"100","author":"Lange","year":"1971","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3040.1997.d01-3.x","article-title":"Does transpiration control stomatal responses to water vapour pressure deficit?","volume":"20","author":"Bunce","year":"1997","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.2006.01541.x","article-title":"How do leaf hydraulics limit stomatal conductance at high water vapour pressure deficits?","volume":"29","author":"Bunce","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.32615\/bp.2023.017","article-title":"The combined effect of branch position, temperature, and VPD on gas exchange and water-use efficiency of Norway spruce","volume":"67","author":"Fleischer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.19806","article-title":"The stomatal response to vapor pressure deficit drives the apparent temperature response of photosynthesis in tropical forests","volume":"244","author":"Slot","year":"2024","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/2.1-2-3.89","article-title":"Stomatal responses to humidity in selected conifers","volume":"2","author":"Sandford","year":"1986","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.1988.tb09199.x","article-title":"The effects of soil and atmospheric drought on photosynthesis and stomatal control of gas exchange in three coniferous species","volume":"73","author":"Grieu","year":"1988","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.2012.02540.x","article-title":"Leaf anatomical properties in relation to differences in mesophyll conductance to CO2 and photosynthesis in two related Mediterranean Abies species","volume":"35","author":"Flexas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpv114","article-title":"Light acclimation of photosynthesis in two closely related firs (Abies pinsapo Boiss. and Abies alba Mill.): The role of leaf anatomy and mesophyll conductance to CO2","volume":"36","author":"Flexas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1139\/x91-211","article-title":"Sensitivity of leaf gas exchange to atmospheric drought, soil drought, and water-use efficiency in some Mediterranean Abies species","volume":"21","author":"Guehl","year":"1991","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.83.2.316","article-title":"Photosynthesis decrease and stomatal control of gas exchange in Abies alba Mill. in response to vapor pressure difference","volume":"83","author":"Guehl","year":"1987","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1051\/forest:19940606","article-title":"Water relations of European silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) in two natural stands in the French Alps subject to contrasting climatic conditions","volume":"51","author":"Guicherd","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2022.109218","article-title":"Vapor pressure deficit constrains transpiration and photosynthesis in holm oak: A comparison of three methods during summer drought","volume":"327","author":"Saz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpv107","article-title":"Leaf morphological and physiological adaptations of a deciduous oak (Quercus faginea Lam.) to the Mediterranean climate: A comparison with a closely related temperate species (Quercus robur L.)","volume":"36","author":"Flexas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpr092","article-title":"Hydraulic traits are associated with the distribution range of two closely related Mediterranean firs, Abies alba Mill. and Abies pinsapo Boiss","volume":"31","author":"Cochard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flora.2006.06.004","article-title":"Physiological performance of silver-fir (Abies alba Mill.) populations under contrasting climates near the south-western distribution limit of the species","volume":"202","author":"Camarero","year":"2007","journal-title":"Flora"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1071\/FP20040","article-title":"Photosynthetic performance of silver fir (Abies alba) of different origins under suboptimal growing conditions","volume":"47","author":"Kurjak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Funct. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inoue, T., Sunaga, M., Ito, M., Yuchen, Q., Matsushima, Y., Sakoda, K., and Wataru, Y. (2021). Minimizing VPD fluctuations maintains higher stomatal conductance and photosynthesis, resulting in improvement of plant growth in lettuce. Front. Plant Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.646144"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2006.01835.x","article-title":"Photoprotection in an ecological context: The remarkable complexity of thermal energy dissipation","volume":"172","author":"Adams","year":"2006","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erv056","article-title":"Linking phosphorus availability with photooxidative stress in plants","volume":"66","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kitao, M., Harayama, H., Han, Q., Agathokleous, E., Uemura, A., Furuya, N., and Ishibashi, S. (2018). Springtime photoinhibition constrains regeneration of forest floor seedlings of Abies sachalinensis after a removal of canopy trees during winter. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24711-6"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s11284-018-1561-9","article-title":"Responses of the photosynthetic apparatus of Abies koreana to drought under different light conditions","volume":"33","author":"Je","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.109679","article-title":"Key stress indicators from chlorophyll fluorescence in five desert plant species","volume":"145","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2480\/agrmet.D-18-00004","article-title":"Comparative analyses of gas exchange characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence of three dominant tree species during the vegetation season in hemi-boreal zone, Lithuania","volume":"75","author":"Marozas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpt030","article-title":"Xylem embolism threshold for catastrophic hydraulic failure in angiosperm trees","volume":"33","author":"Urli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1890\/02-0538","article-title":"Adaptive variation in the vulnerability of woody plants to xylem cavitation","volume":"85","author":"Maherali","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.14408","article-title":"Elevational variations in stem hydraulic efficiency and safety of Abies fabri","volume":"37","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/11.1.73","article-title":"Vulnerability of several conifers to air embolism","volume":"11","author":"Cochard","year":"1992","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpr101","article-title":"Genotypic variability and phenotypic plasticity of cavitation resistance in Fagus sylvatica L. across Europe","volume":"31","author":"Wortemann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s13595-012-0229-9","article-title":"Transpiration of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) during and after drought in relation to soil properties in a Mediterranean mountain area","volume":"71","author":"Nourtier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.110.170704","article-title":"Mechanisms linking drought, hydraulics, carbon metabolism, and vegetation mortality","volume":"155","author":"McDowell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2011.06.003","article-title":"The interdependence of mechanisms underlying climate-driven vegetation mortality","volume":"26","author":"McDowell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.12141","article-title":"How do trees die? A test of the hydraulic failure and carbon starvation hypotheses","volume":"37","author":"Sevanto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3365","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16146","article-title":"Mutually inclusive mechanisms of drought-induced tree mortality","volume":"28","author":"Hajek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2009.03167.x","article-title":"Physiological mechanisms of drought-induced tree mortality are far from being resolved","volume":"186","author":"Sala","year":"2010","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15539","article-title":"Death from drought in tropical forests is triggered by hydraulics not carbon starvation","volume":"528","author":"Rowland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-017-0248-x","article-title":"A multi-species synthesis of physiological mechanisms in drought-induced tree mortality","volume":"1","author":"Adams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2010.03628.x","article-title":"Carbon reserves and canopy defoliation determine the recovery of Scots pine 4 yr after a drought episode","volume":"190","author":"Galiano","year":"2011","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.12295","article-title":"To die or not to die: Early warnings of tree dieback in response to a severe drought","volume":"103","author":"Camarero","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.12046","article-title":"Lethal drought leads to reduction in nonstructural carbohydrates in Norway spruce tree roots but not in the canopy","volume":"27","author":"Hartmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e1ty\u00e1s, C., Beran, F., Dost\u00e1l, J., \u010c\u00e1p, J., Ful\u00edn, M., Vejpustkov\u00e1, M., Bo\u017ei\u010d, G., Bal\u00e1zs, P., and Fr\u00fddl, J. (2021). Surprising Drought Tolerance of Fir (Abies) Species between Past Climatic Adaptation and Future Projections Reveals New Chances for Adaptive Forest Management. Forests, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202105.0262.v1"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13535","article-title":"A synthesis of radial growth patterns preceding tree mortality","volume":"23","author":"Cailleret","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1111\/jbi.12512","article-title":"Distinct effects of climate warming on populations of silver fir (Abies alba) across Europe","volume":"42","author":"Gazol","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2004.01259.x","article-title":"Leaf hydraulic capacity in ferns, conifers and angiosperms: Impacts on photosynthetic maxima","volume":"165","author":"Brodribb","year":"2005","journal-title":"New Phytol."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/14\/21\/3308\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T01:10:53Z","timestamp":1761786653000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/14\/21\/3308"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["plants14213308"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants14213308","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]}}}