{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:58:04Z","timestamp":1787497084928,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":151,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine in Bucharest and by the laboratories involved in the research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the context of promoting ecological alternatives to synthetic pesticides, this study investigates the antifungal activity of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. seed extract and its potential application in plant protection. The extract, obtained by maceration in 40% ethanol, was analysed using UV-Vis spectrophotometric methods to assess its phytochemical composition, including phenolic compounds, reducing sugars, and soluble proteins, as well as antioxidant activity in acellular system (ABTS, DPPH, TEAC, and CUPRAC) and CAT, SOD, peroxidase, and lipid peroxidation in planting material lysate. Additionally, the extract was qualitatively analysed using ATR-FT-IR and FT-ICR-MS methods. The antifungal activity was tested in vitro against three fungal strains, revealing significant inhibitory effects, especially on Fusarium graminearum and Monilinia laxa. Following the biogermination study on wheat seeds, it was highlighted that the extract obtained from fenugreek seeds manifested a strong inhibitory effect, especially at the highest concentration (1.50%) studied, probably due to the high content of phenols and presence of steroidal saponins (diosgenin and precursor diosgenin\u2013protodiosgenin) and pyridine alkaloids (trigonelline). These findings suggest that Trigonella foenum-graecum seed extract possesses potent antifungal properties, making it a promising candidate for the development of biofungicides in sustainable agriculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14213320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T03:33:07Z","timestamp":1761881587000},"page":"3320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["In Vitro Evaluation of the Antifungal Activity of Trigonella foenum-graecum Seed Extract and Its Potential Application in Plant Protection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Stelica","family":"Cristea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Pathology Department, University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 59 M\u0103r\u0103\u015fti Blvd., District 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1075-3589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Perisoara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotehnos SA, 3-5 Gorunului Street, 075100 Otopeni, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6288-0267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca-Maria","family":"Tihauan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute, University of Bucharest-ICUB, Splaiul Independen\u021bei, No. 95, District 5, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9822-9713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela Diana","family":"Ene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotehnos SA, 3-5 Gorunului Street, 075100 Otopeni, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7600-2980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Constantin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, 202 Independentei Spl., 060021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Titu Maiorescu University, 16 Bd. Gh. \u0218incai, 040441 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7846-1243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandru-Mihai","family":"Florea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotehnos SA, 3-5 Gorunului Street, 075100 Otopeni, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8152-2764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena \u015etefania","family":"Ivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Pathology Department, University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 59 M\u0103r\u0103\u015fti Blvd., District 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Relu Cristinel","family":"Zala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Pathology Department, University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 59 M\u0103r\u0103\u015fti Blvd., District 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9075-9429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan","family":"Purc\u0103reanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotehnos SA, 3-5 Gorunului Street, 075100 Otopeni, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9873-3912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan Eduard","family":"Mihaiescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5032-5079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Pirvu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Chemical-Pharmaceutical Research and Development, District 3, 031299 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.249","article-title":"Synergistic Effect of a Novel Chitosan\/Silica Nanocomposites-Based Formulation against Gray Mold of Table Grapes and Its Possible Mode of Action","volume":"141","author":"Youssef","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. 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