{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:15:50Z","timestamp":1791897350382,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing prevalence of pests and diseases in agriculture necessitates innovative strategies for crop protection that mitigate environmental impacts. This review paper investigates the synergistic potential of combining microbial biocontrol agents and phytochemical biopesticides as sustainable alternatives to chemical pesticides. Through a comprehensive review of recent literature, we analyze the mechanisms by which beneficial microbes (e.g., Trichoderma, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas) enhance plant resilience and suppress pathogens, and how plant-derived phytochemicals such as essential oils, alkaloids, and flavonoids contribute to pest deterrence and disease resistance. The integration of these bio-based resources forms an actionable framework for sustainable crop protection\u2014enabling reduced chemical dependence, improved soil health, and enhanced biodiversity. Examples of synergistic success, such as the combined use of Bacillus thuringiensis with neem extract and Trichoderma with lemongrass oil, illustrate their field potential. Future research should prioritize the formulation of stable microbial\u2013phytochemical consortia, field validation of synergistic efficacy, and optimization of delivery systems to support commercial-scale adoption. Ultimately, this study promotes a paradigm shift toward eco-efficient pest management, bridging fundamental research and applied innovation for resilient agroecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14223453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T04:13:41Z","timestamp":1762920821000},"page":"3453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Bridging Microbial Biocontrol and Phytochemical Biopesticides: Synergistic Approaches for Sustainable Crop Protection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1060-0264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Younes","family":"Rezaee Danesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van 65090, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9087-3838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Miguel","family":"Mulet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biolog\u00eda Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8068-741X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Porcel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biolog\u00eda Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s10123-003-0144-x","article-title":"Development, Registration and Commercialization of Microbial Pesticides for Plant Protection","volume":"6","author":"Montesinos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tyagi, A., Lama Tamang, T., Kashtoh, H., Mir, R.A., Mir, Z.A., Manzoor, S., Manzar, N., Gani, G., Vishwakarma, S.K., and Almalki, M.A. (2024). A Review on Biocontrol Agents as Sustainable Approach for Crop Disease Management: Applications, Production, and Future Perspectives. Horticulturae, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae10080805"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaiswal, D.K., Gawande, S.J., Soumia, P.S., Krishna, R., Vaishnav, A., and Ade, A.B. (2022). Biocontrol Strategies: An Eco-Smart Tool for Integrated Pest and Diseases Management. BMC Microbiol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-022-02744-2"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minchev, Z., Kostenko, O., Soler, R., and Pozo, M.J. (2021). Microbial Consortia for Effective Biocontrol of Root and Foliar Diseases in Tomato. Front. Plant Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.756368"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.154392.4","article-title":"Recent Advances in Biopesticide Research and Development with a Focus on Microbials","volume":"13","author":"Malinga","year":"2025","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Grandon, G.M., Harte, S.J., Ewany, J., Bray, D., and Stevenson, P.C. (2020). Additive Effect of Botanical Insecticide and Entomopathogenic Fungi on Pest Mortality and the Behavioral Response of Its Natural Enemy. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9020173"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong, S.-M., Qi, D.-Y., Tang, X.-Y., Shao, Y.-Z., Hu, S.-T., Zheng, Y.-P., Zheng, X.-Y., Yan, L.-L., and Feng, M.-G. (2025). Low-Cost\u2013High-Efficacy Control of Faba Bean Aphids by Fungal and Chemical Insecticides Co-Applied at Low and Sublethal Rates. Insects, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16060565"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandit, M.A., Kumar, J., Gulati, S., Bhandari, N., Mehta, P., Katyal, R., Rawat, C.D., Mishra, V., and Kaur, J. (2022). Major Biological Control Strategies for Plant Pathogens. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11020273"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5322696","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/5322696","article-title":"Microbial Biofungicides as a Substitute for Chemical Fungicides in the Control of Phytopathogens: Current Perspectives and Research Directions","volume":"2024","author":"Fenta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scientifica"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prabhu, S., Poorniammal, R., and Dufoss\u00e9, L. (2025). Microbial Metabolites: A Sustainable Approach to Combat Plant Pests. Metabolites, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15060418"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villavicencio-V\u00e1squez, M., Espinoza-Lozano, F., Espinoza-Lozano, L., and Coronel-Le\u00f3n, J. (2025). Biological Control Agents: Mechanisms of Action, Selection, Formulation and Challenges in Agriculture. Front. Agron., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fagro.2025.1578915"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vermelho, A.B., Moreira, J.V., Akamine, I.T., Cardoso, V.S., and Mansoldo, F.R.P. (2024). Agricultural Pest Management: The Role of Microorganisms in Biopesticides and Soil Bioremediation. Plants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13192762"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Raish, S.M., Sourani, O.M., and Abu-Elsaoud, A.M. (2025). Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms as Biocontrol Agents: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Future Prospects. Appl. Microbiol., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/applmicrobiol5020044"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maciag, T., Kozie\u0142, E., Rusin, P., Otulak-Kozie\u0142, K., Jafra, S., and Czajkowski, R. (2023). Microbial Consortia for Plant Protection against Diseases: More than the Sum of Its Parts. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512227"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.H., Anderson, A.J., and Kim, Y.C. (2022). Root-Associated Bacteria Are Biocontrol Agents for Multiple Plant Pests. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10051053"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s12374-023-09404-6","article-title":"Exploiting Bacterial Genera as Biocontrol Agents: Mechanisms, Interactions and Applications in Sustainable Agriculture","volume":"66","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guzm\u00e1n-Guzm\u00e1n, P., Etesami, H., and Santoyo, G. (2025). Trichoderma: A Multifunctional Agent in Plant Health and Microbiome Interactions. BMC Microbiol., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-025-04158-2"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.55730\/1300-011X.3001","article-title":"Characterization of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Communities Associated with Vineyards in Northwestern Iran","volume":"46","author":"Kariman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Turk. J. Agric. For."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"101421","article-title":"Microbial Bio-Control Agents: A Comprehensive Analysis on Sources, Mode of Action, and Formulation","volume":"18","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boyno, G., Rezaee Danesh, Y., \u00c7evik, R., Teniz, N., Demir, S., Demirer Durak, E., Farda, B., Mignini, A., Djebaili, R., and Pellegrini, M. (2025). Synergistic Benefits of AMF: Development of Sustainable Plant Defense System. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1551956"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demir, S., Durak, E.D., G\u00fcne\u015f, H., Boyno, G., Mulet, J.M., Rezaee Danesh, Y., and Porcel, R. (2023). Biological Control of Three Fungal Diseases in Strawberry (Fragaria \u00d7 ananassa) with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. Agronomy, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy13092439"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-024-01090-2","article-title":"Microbial Pesticides\u2014Challenges and Future Perspectives for Testing and Safety Assessment with Respect to Human Health","volume":"23","author":"Wend","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, A., Singh, A.V., Gautam, S.S., Agarwal, A., Punetha, A., Upadhayay, V.K., Kukreti, B., Bundela, V., Jugran, A.K., and Goel, R. (2023). Microbial Bioformulation: A Microbial Assisted Biostimulating Fertilization Technique for Sustainable Agriculture. Front. Plant Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1270039"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, X., Chen, W.J., Bhatt, K., Zhou, Z., Huang, Y., Zhang, L.H., Chen, S., and Wang, J. (2023). Innovative Microbial Disease Biocontrol Strategies Mediated by Quorum Quenching and Their Multifaceted Applications: A Review. Front. Plant Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.1063393"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s42483-025-00350-4","article-title":"Tackling Bacterial Diseases in Crops: Current and Emerging Management Strategies","volume":"7","author":"Rai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytopathol. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Legein, M., Smets, W., Vandenheuvel, D., Eilers, T., Muyshondt, B., Prinsen, E., Samson, R., and Lebeer, S. (2020). Modes of Action of Microbial Biocontrol in the Phyllosphere. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01619"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haq, I.U., Rahim, K., Yahya, G., Ijaz, B., Maryam, S., and Paker, N.P. (2024). Eco-Smart Biocontrol Strategies Utilizing Potent Microbes for Sustainable Management of Phytopathogenic Diseases. Biotechnol. Rep., 44.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2024.e00859"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-024-01017-1","article-title":"Microbial Pesticides: Challenges and Future Perspectives for Non-Target Organism Testing","volume":"36","author":"Alkassab","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Eur."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0390","article-title":"The Development, Regulation and Use of Biopesticides for Integrated Pest Management","volume":"366","author":"Chandler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"101633","article-title":"Harnessing Phytochemicals in Sustainable and Green Agriculture","volume":"19","author":"Poslinski","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavela, R., Kova\u0159\u00edkov\u00e1, K., and Nov\u00e1k, M. (2025). Botanical Antifeedants: An Alternative Approach to Pest Control. Insects, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16020136"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.E., Jayakody, J.T.M., Kim, J.I., Jeong, J.W., Choi, K.M., Kim, T.S., Seo, C., Azimi, I., Hyun, J.M., and Ryu, B.M. (2024). The Influence of Solvent Choice on the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Asteraceae: A Comparative Review. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13193151"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayilara, M.S., Adeleke, B.S., Akinola, S.A., Fayose, C.A., Adeyemi, U.T., Gbadegesin, L.A., Omole, R.K., Johnson, R.M., Uthman, Q.O., and Babalola, O.O. (2023). Biopesticides as a Promising Alternative to Synthetic Pesticides: A Case for Microbial Pesticides, Phytopesticides, and Nanobiopesticides. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1040901"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavaco, T., and Faria, J.M.S. (2024). Phytochemical Volatiles as Potential Bionematicides with Safer Ecotoxicological Properties. Toxics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12060406"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, Y., Wang, Y., and Li, Y. (2022). Solvent-Free Microwave Extraction of Essential Oils from Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. at Different Harvesting Times and Their Skin-Whitening Cosmetic Potential. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11122389"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, Y., Zhang, L., Wu, W., Xie, J., Gao, B., Xiao, Y., and Zhu, D. (2025). Sustainable and Green Extraction of Citrus Peel Essential Oil Using Intermittent Solvent-Free Microwave Technology. Bioresour. Bioprocess., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40643-025-00885-6"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-018-0095-9","article-title":"Bacillus cereus\u2014A Multifaceted Opportunistic Pathogen","volume":"5","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Clin. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lotte, R., Chevalier, A., Boyer, L., and Ruimy, R. (2022). Bacillus cereus Invasive Infections in Preterm Neonates: An Up-to-Date Review of the Literature. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 35.","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00088-21"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benito, P., Ligorio, D., Bell\u00f3n, J., Yenush, L., and Mulet, J.M. (2023). Use of Yucca (Yucca schidigera) Extracts as Biostimulants to Promote Germination and Early Vigor and as Natural Fungicides. Plants., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12020274"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmieri, D., Ianiri, G., Del Grosso, C., Barone, G., De Curtis, F., Castoria, R., and Lima, G. (2022). Advances and Perspectives in the Use of Biocontrol Agents against Fungal Plant Diseases. Horticulturae, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae8070577"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41130","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c06628","article-title":"Integrated Pest Management: An Update on the Sustainability Approach to Crop Protection","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.3390\/insects6020464","article-title":"Identification of Novel Pesticides for Use against Glasshouse Invertebrate Pests in UK Tomatoes and Peppers","volume":"6","author":"George","year":"2015","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benito, P., Trigueros, S., Celdr\u00e1n, M., S\u00e1nchez, V., Coronado, A., Bell\u00f3n, J., Arbona, V., Gonz\u00e1lez-Guzm\u00e1n, M., Porcel, R., and Yenush, L. (2025). The combined effect of a newly designed biostimulant and a plant growth-promoting bacterium increases tomato yield under salt stress by increasing the cytokinin isopentenyladenine riboside content. Chem. Biol. Technol. Agric., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40538-025-00825-8"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1111\/jipb.13755","article-title":"The combination of a microbial and a non-microbial biostimulant increases yield in lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under salt stress conditions by up-regulating cytokinin biosynthesis","volume":"66","author":"Benito","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Integr. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-10209-2","article-title":"Antimicrobial secondary metabolites from agriculturally important fungi as next biocontrol agents","volume":"103","author":"Keswani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2019.03.004","article-title":"A review on the plant microbiome: Ecology, functions, and emerging trends in microbial application","volume":"19","author":"Compant","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Dunn, A. (2017). Opportunities and Needs for Biological Control in New York. New York State Integrated Pest Management Program, Cornell University."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collares, L.J., Turchen, L.M., and Guedes, R.N.C. (2023). Research Trends, Biases, and Gaps in Phytochemicals as Insecticides: Literature Survey and Meta-Analysis. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12020318"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serr\u00e3o, C.P., Ortega, J.C.G., Rodrigues, P.C., and de Souza, C.R.B. (2024). Bacillus Species as Tools for Biocontrol of Plant Diseases: A Meta-Analysis of Twenty-Two Years of Research, 2000\u20132021. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 40.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-024-03935-x"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felipe de Lima Andreata, M., Mian, S., Andrade, G., de Freitas Bueno, A., Ventura, M.U., Marcondes de Almeida, J.E., Fonseca Ivan, E.A., Mosela, M., Simionato, A.S., and Robaina, R.R. (2025). The Current Increase and Future Perspectives of the Microbial Pesticides Market in Agriculture: The Brazilian Example. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1574269"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ansabayeva, A., Makhambetov, M., Rebouh, N.Y., Abdelkader, M., Saudy, H.S., Hassan, K.M., Nasser, M.A., Ali, M.A.A., and Ebrahim, M. (2025). Plant Growth-Promoting Microbes for Resilient Farming Systems: Mitigating Environmental Stressors and Boosting Crops Productivity\u2014A Review. Horticulturae, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae11030260"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.3390\/bacteria3040030","article-title":"Utilizing Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) to Advance Sustainable Agriculture","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bacteria"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danova, K., P\u011bn\u010d\u00edk, A., Pet\u0159\u00edk, I., Nov\u00e1k, O., and Dobrev, P. (2022). Plant Tissue Culture and Secondary Metabolites Production. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11233312"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Yue, X. (2013). A Linear Programming Model and Partial Budget Analysis to Optimize Management Strategies of Western Flower Thrips in Greenhouse Impatiens Production. [Master\u2019s Thesis, The Ohio State University]."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"134857","article-title":"Comprehensive Analysis of Commercial Biopesticides: Composition, Targeted Compounds and Efficacy","volume":"405","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santoyo, G., Orozco-Mosqueda, M.d.C., Afridi, M.S., Mitra, D., Valencia-Cantero, E., and Mac\u00edas-Rodr\u00edguez, L. (2024). Trichoderma and Bacillus Multifunctional Allies for Plant Growth and Health in Saline Soils: Recent Advances and Future Challenges. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1423980"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2329388","DOI":"10.1080\/14735903.2024.2329388","article-title":"Constraints to Agricultural Finance in Underdeveloped and Developing Countries: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"22","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Agric. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gurbuz, I.B. (2024). Analysis in Terms of Environmental Awareness of Farmers\u2019 Decisions and Attitudes: Reducing Pesticide Use and Risks. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16114323"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"105638","article-title":"Examining Consumer Purchase Intention towards Organic Food: Influence of Functional Value, Social Norms, and Innovativeness","volume":"105","author":"Kamboj","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Qual. Prefer."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daraban, G.M., Hlihor, R.M., and Suteu, D. (2023). Pesticides vs. Biopesticides: From Pest Management to Toxicity and Impacts on the Environment and Human Health. Toxics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11120983"}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/14\/22\/3453\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T04:18:18Z","timestamp":1762921098000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/14\/22\/3453"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["plants14223453"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants14223453","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]}}}