{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:18:02Z","timestamp":1792178282980,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,16]],"date-time":"2025-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although nanotechnology is increasingly applied in plant tissue culture in many parts of Europe, its use in the Balkans remains limited, revealing a regional gap with untapped potential for advancing in vitro propagation and preservation of woody plant species. Building upon a recently published regional review covering 2001\u20132024, which analyzed in vitro biotechnology progress in nine Balkan countries, this paper introduces the concept of a \u201cnano gap\u201d, referring to the limited connection between existing nanotechnology research potential and its use in in vitro woody plant biotechnology. In Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria, Croatia, and Albania, significant progress has been made in optimizing micropropagation and in vitro conservation strategies by introducing temporary immersion systems, synthetic seed technology, adapting genotype-specific sterilization and multiplication protocols, and modifying established cryopreservation methods for regional woody species. However, the integration of nanotechnology into these systems remains largely unexplored. To date, there are no published results or validated applications for nano-enhanced media or nanoscale delivery systems for micropropagation and in vitro conservation of woody species. The limited integration of nanotechnology may be due to insufficient funding, lack of specialized infrastructure, and limited interdisciplinary expertise. Nevertheless, many Balkan countries possess growing capacities in nano-applications within agriculture and environmental sciences and are ready to advance toward interdisciplinary research and innovation. By mapping both scientific readiness and structural barriers, this review provides a strategic framework for bridging the \u201cnano gap\u201d and offers a novel regional perspective with broader implications for European research policy, sustainable agriculture, biodiversity preservation, and green innovation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14223499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T11:05:31Z","timestamp":1763463931000},"page":"3499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Balkan Region and the \u201cNano Gap\u201d: An Underexplored Dimension of In Vitro Biotechnology for Woody Plants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5840-0387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valbona","family":"Sota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, 1000 Tirana, Albania"},{"name":"Research Center of Biotechnology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of Albania, 1000 Tirana, Albania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9433-8392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sla\u0111ana","family":"Jevremovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biological Research \u201cSini\u0161a Stankovi\u0107\u201d\u2014National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4032-5830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni","family":"Abraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0716-1432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanja","family":"Dani\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forestry, University of Banja Luka, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6507-3989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dejan","family":"Bo\u0161njak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9731-701X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilyana","family":"Nacheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fruit Growing Institute, Agricultural Academy, 4004 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3589-5516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Branislav","family":"Cvjetkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forestry, University of Banja Luka, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9697-5854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vlatko","family":"Andonovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hans Em Faculty of Forest Sciences, Landscape Architecture and Environmental Engineering, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4414-5194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanja","family":"Bogunovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Forest Tree Breeding and Seed Science, Croatian Forest Research Institute, 10450 Jastrebarsko, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5328-3919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Efigjeni","family":"Kongjika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Biotechnology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of Albania, 1000 Tirana, Albania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1948-6907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svjetlana","family":"Zeljkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, University of Banja Luka, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2983-9198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darko","family":"Jevremovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fruit Research Institute, 32000 \u010ca\u010dak, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zvjezdana","family":"Markovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Viticulture and Enology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3482-3211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladislava","family":"Galovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0204-2952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatjana","family":"Vujovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fruit Research Institute, 32000 \u010ca\u010dak, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sota, V., Nacheva, L., Bo\u0161njak, D., Abraham, E., Jevremovi\u0107, S., Cvjetkovi\u0107, B., Galovi\u0107, V., Jevremovi\u0107, D., Markovi\u0107, Z., and Kongjika, E. (2025). Unveiling the Balkans\u2019 advances: In vitro biotechnology of woody plants in the early 21st century. Front. Plant Sci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1586013"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s11627-000-0030-6","article-title":"Recalcitrance of woody and herbaceous perennial plants: Dealing with genetic predeterminism","volume":"36","author":"McCown","year":"2000","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-025-03087-2","article-title":"Research is rendering the recalcitrant woody plants amenable to biotechnological approaches","volume":"161","author":"Ochatt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2016.04.005","article-title":"Nanotechnology: A new opportunity in plant sciences","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, A., Rayeen, F., Mishra, R., Tripathi, M., and Pathak, N. (2023). Nanotechnology applications in sustainable agriculture: An emerging eco-friendly approach. Plant Nano Biol., 4.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plana.2023.100033"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, Y., Feng, Y., Bai, X., Yu, Q., Zhou, J., and Wang, J. (2025). Application of nanotechnology in agricultural sustainability: Absorption, translocation, and challenges of nanoparticles. Curr. Plant Biol., 42.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpb.2025.100492"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Kiran, U., Abdin, M.Z. (2020). Plant tissue culture: Agriculture and industrial applications. Transgenic Technology Based Value Addition in Plant Biotechnology, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-025-03165-5","article-title":"Challenges in the micropropagation of economically important fruit species in Europe","volume":"162","author":"Sota","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prasad, R. (2019). Nanotechnology and plant tissue culture. Plant Nanobionics. Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16379-2"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Khayri, J.M., Alnaddaf, L.M., and Jain, S.M. (2023). Role of nanomaterials in plant cell and tissue culture. Nanomaterial Interactions with Plant Cellular Mechanisms and Macromolecules and Agricultural Implications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-20878-2"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-023-02614-3","article-title":"Application of nanoparticles in plant tissue cultures: Minuscule size but huge effects","volume":"155","author":"Ochatt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gunasena, M.D.K.M., Alahakoon, A.M.P.D., Polwaththa, K.P.G.D.M., Galpaya, G.D.C.P., Priyanjani, H.A.S.A., Koswattage, K.R., and Senarath, W.T.P.S.K. (2024). Transforming plant tissue culture with nanoparticles: A review of current applications. Plant Nano Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plana.2024.100102"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36492","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA07025J","article-title":"Nanomaterials in plant tissue culture: The disclosed and undisclosed","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2010.04.008","article-title":"Synthesis and applications of silver nanoparticles","volume":"3","author":"Eftaiha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-024-02833-2","article-title":"Role of metal nanoparticles in organogenesis, secondary metabolite production and genetic transformation of plants under in vitro condition: A comprehensive review","volume":"158","author":"Prasad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1049\/nbt2.12005","article-title":"Nanoparticles as elicitors and harvesters of economically important secondary metabolites in higher plants: A review","volume":"15","author":"Lala","year":"2021","journal-title":"IET Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"374","article-title":"Relevance of nanoparticles on micropropagation, antioxidant activity and molecular characterization of Sequoia sempervirens L. plant","volume":"14","author":"Salama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jordan J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11577","DOI":"10.1039\/D2RA05941J","article-title":"Metal-based-oxide nanoparticles assisted the in vitro culture growth of Populus alba as micronutrients: Essential metabolic processes and genetic stability","volume":"13","author":"Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-016-1058-6","article-title":"Carbon nanotubes impact on date palm in vitro cultures","volume":"127","author":"Taha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1021\/nn204643g","article-title":"Carbon nanotubes induce growth enhancement of tobacco cells","volume":"6","author":"Khodakovskaya","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3510","DOI":"10.4236\/ajps.2014.524367","article-title":"Effect of using two different types of carbon nanotubes for blackberry (Rubus adenotrichos) in vitro plant rooting, growth and histology","volume":"5","author":"Flores","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32203","article-title":"Effect of carbon nanotubes on cellular functions in vitro","volume":"91","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zakharova, O.V., Gusev, A.A., Muratov, D.S., Shuklinov, A.V., Strekalova, N.S., and Matveev, S.M. (2021). Titanium trisulfide nanoribbons affect the downy birch and poplar \u00d7 aspen hybrid in plant tissue culture via the emission of hydrogen sulfide. Forests, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/f12060713"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1007\/s11627-024-10429-w","article-title":"Growth of in vitro\u2013regenerated plants of Gerbera jamesonii following micropropagation in temporary immersion bioreactors","volume":"60","author":"Companioni","year":"2024","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Plant"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.145","article-title":"Chitosan nanoparticles and their combination with methyl jasmonate for the elicitation of phenolics and flavonoids in plant cell suspension cultures","volume":"214","author":"Arya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrova, M., Miladinova-Georgieva, K., and Geneva, M. (2024). Influence of abiotic and biotic elicitors on organogenesis, biomass accumulation, and production of key secondary metabolites in Asteraceae plants. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25084197"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polyakov, V., Bauer, T., Butova, V., Minkina, T., and Rajput, V.D. (2023). Nanoparticles-based delivery systems for salicylic acid as plant growth stimulator and stress alleviation. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12081637"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ju\u00e1rez-Maldonado, A., Benavides-Mendoza, A., Ojeda-Barrios, D.L., Tortella Fuentes, G., and Seabra, A.B. (2025). Use of nanomaterials for the in vitro production of plants and plant metabolites. Plant Biostimulation with Nanomaterials. Smart Nanomaterials Technology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-96-4648-7"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s11627-000-0029-z","article-title":"Special symposium: In vitro plant recalcitrance: An introduction","volume":"36","author":"Benson","year":"2000","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Plant"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jan, S., Jan, N., Singh, S., Shah, M.A., and Bhat, I.A. Nanotechnology in plant tissue culture: A review. Hortic. Plant J., 2025. in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hpj.2025.02.019"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miladinova-Georgieva, K., Sichanova, M., Petrova, M., Kirova, E., Nedev, T., Tsekova, D., and Geneva, M. (2024). Effect of in vitro pretreatment with Ag-containing amino acid nanofibers on biometrics and antioxidant activity in drought-stressed ex vitro-adapted Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. Agronomy, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy14112570"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sichanova, M., Geneva, M., Petrova, M., Miladinova-Georgieva, K., Kirova, E., Nedev, T., Tsekova, D., Iwanov, I., Dochev, K., and Ivanova, V. (2022). Improvement of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni in vitro propagation and steviol glycoside content using aminoacid silver nanofibers. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11192468"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sichanova, M., Geneva, M., Petrova, M., Miladinova-Georgieva, K., Kirova, E., Nedev, T., Tsekova, D., Ivanova, V., and Trendafilova, A. (2023). Influence of the abiotic elicitors Ag salts of aspartic acid derivatives, self-organized in nanofibers with monomeric and dimeric molecular structures, on the antioxidant activity and stevioside content in micropropagated Stevia rebaudiana Bert. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12203574"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geneva, M., Trendafilova, A., Miladinova-Georgieva, K., Sichanova, M., Tsekova, D., Ivanova, V., Kirova, E., and Petrova, M. (2025). Application of organic nanofibers to boost specialized metabolite production and antioxidant potential in Stevia rebaudiana in vitro cultures. Metabolites, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15090579"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Debergh, P.C., and Zimmerman, R.H. (1991). Problems in tissue culture: Culture contamination. Micropropagation, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-2075-0"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2017.1155.33","article-title":"Plant tissue culture contamination: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"1155","author":"Herman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3844\/ojbsci.2025.333.342","article-title":"Control of contamination of tissue plant cultures during in vitro clonal micropropagation","volume":"25","author":"Anikina","year":"2025","journal-title":"Online J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Gouran, A., Mohammad, J., Ali, M., Mahmoud, K., Nasser, G., and Sabah, Z. (2014, January 20). Effect of silver nanoparticles on grapevine leaf explants sterilization at in vitro conditions. Proceedings of the 2nd National Conference of Nanotechnology from Theory to Application, Esfahan, Iran."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgeb.2014.10.002","article-title":"Effects of antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles on in vitro establishment of G \u00d7 N15 (hybrid of almond \u00d7 peach) rootstock","volume":"12","author":"Arab","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Genet. Eng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"9701","article-title":"Effect of silver nanoparticles on micropropagation of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L., cv. Sewi and Medjool)","volume":"20","author":"Stino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Arch."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"57","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles, antibiotics and fungicide to control microbial activity during establishment of date palm explants in vitro","volume":"21","author":"Zayed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Agric."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.3923\/ajps.2009.505.509","article-title":"Nano-silver particles eliminate the in vitro contaminations of olive \u2018Mission\u2019 explants","volume":"8","author":"Rostami","year":"2009","journal-title":"Asian J. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"336","article-title":"Biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles eclipse fungal and bacterial contamination in micropropagation of Capparis decidua (Forsk.) Edgew: A substitute to toxic substances","volume":"58","author":"Ahlawat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012024","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/392\/1\/012024","article-title":"Effects of silver nanoparticles on morphometric parameters of hairy birch (Betula pubescens) at various stages of microcloning","volume":"392","author":"Zakharova","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-021-02020-7","article-title":"The effect of humic acid (HA) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) on in vitro regeneration of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cv. Quntar","volume":"145","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1134\/S1021443720010045","article-title":"Impact of zinc oxide nanoparticles on pomegranate growth under in vitro conditions","volume":"67","author":"Elazab","year":"2020","journal-title":"Russ. J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-nbt.2016.0256","article-title":"In vitro germination and biochemical profiling of Citrus reticulata in response to green synthesised zinc and copper nanoparticles","volume":"11","author":"Hussain","year":"2017","journal-title":"IET Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-024-02346-9","article-title":"Unveiling the silver lining: Examining the effects of biogenic silver nanoparticles on the growth dynamics of in vitro olive shoots","volume":"23","author":"Hasanin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Regni, L., Del Buono, D., Micheli, M., Facchin, S.L., Tolisano, C., and Proietti, P. (2022). Effects of biogenic ZnO nanoparticles on growth, physiological, biochemical traits and antioxidants on olive tree in vitro. Horticulturae, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae8020161"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012053","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/875\/1\/012053","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles for enhancing the efficiency of micropropagation of gray poplar (Populus \u00d7 canescens Aiton Sm.)","volume":"875","author":"Vasyukova","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012048","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/875\/1\/012048","article-title":"The impact of copper oxide and silver nanoparticles on woody plants obtained by in vitro method","volume":"875","author":"Fedorova","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1134\/S2635167624602444","article-title":"On the role of colloidal system stabilizers in the stimulating activity of copper oxide nanoparticles on poplar plants in culture in vitro","volume":"20","author":"Fedorova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Russ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Caselles, C., Burgos, L., S\u00e1nchez-Balibrea, I., Egea, J.A., Faize, L., Mart\u00edn-Valmaseda, M., Bogdanchikova, N., Pestryakov, A., and Alburquerque, N. (2023). The effect of silver nanoparticle addition on micropropagation of apricot cultivars (Prunus armeniaca L.) in semisolid and liquid media. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12071547"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00344-022-10631-3","article-title":"Enhanced efficiency of in vitro rootstock micropropagation using silica-based nanoparticles and plant growth regulators in Myrobalan 29C (Prunus cerasifera L.)","volume":"42","author":"Khafri","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guru, G.R., Ramteke, P.W., Veres, C., and V\u00e1gv\u00f6lgyi, C. (2025). Potential impacts of nanoparticle integration on micropropagation efficiency: Current achievements and prospects. Front. Plant Sci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1629548"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-014-0697-8","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles affect ACS expression in Tecomella undulata in vitro culture","volume":"121","author":"Sarmast","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tiss. Organ Cult."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1903.03022","article-title":"Nano-encapsulation of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and their metabolites using alginate-silica nanoparticles and carbon nanotube improves UCB1 pistachio micropropagation","volume":"29","author":"Moradipour","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2016.09.022","article-title":"Nanobiotechnology approach using plant rooting hormone synthesized silver nanoparticle as \u201cnanobullets\u201d for the dynamic applications in horticulture\u2014An in vitro and ex vitro study","volume":"11","author":"Thangavelu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14387","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.14387","article-title":"Carrier-based delivery system of phytohormones in plants: Stepping outside of the ordinary","volume":"176","author":"Tiwari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s13007-023-01025-x","article-title":"Efficient strategies for controlled release of nanoencapsulated phytohormones to improve plant stress tolerance","volume":"19","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Methods"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montalb\u00e1n, I.A., Olarieta, A.C., Casillas-Figueroa, F., Arellano-Garc\u00eda, M.E., Chavez-Santoscoy, A.R., Pestryakov, A., Bogdanchikova, N., and Moncalean, P. (2018). Simplified method to store embryogenic cells: Silver nanoparticles and cryoprotectors elimination effect. Cryobiology, 85.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2018.10.067"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-021-02069-4","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles affect the cryopreservation efficiency of in vitro-derived shoot tips of bleeding heart","volume":"146","author":"Kulus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s13007-020-00674-6","article-title":"Single-wall carbon nanotubes improve cell survival rate and reduce oxidative injury in cryopreservation of Agapanthus praecox embryogenic callus","volume":"16","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Methods"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2021.03.047","article-title":"Improved biotechnological production of paclitaxel in Taxus media cell cultures by the combined action of coronatine and calix[8]arenes","volume":"163","author":"Escrich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarroum, M., Alfarraj, N.S., Al-Qurainy, F., Al-Hashimi, A., Khan, S., Nadeem, M., Salih, A.M., and Shaikhaldein, H.O. (2023). Improving the production of secondary metabolites via the application of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles in the calli of Delonix elata: A potential medicinal plant. Metabolites, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13080905"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2016.04.026","article-title":"Taxanes content and cytotoxicity of hazel cells extract after elicitation with silver nanoparticles","volume":"110","author":"Jamshidi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"175","article-title":"Impact on growth and secondary metabolites in white poplar (Populus alba L.) callus using SeNPs@Moringa","volume":"15","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"1211","article-title":"Alleviation of salinity stress on in vitro propagation ability of Populus alba L. using iron nanoparticles","volume":"18","author":"Youssef","year":"2019","journal-title":"Middle East J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s12298-017-0488-x","article-title":"Grape response to salinity stress and role of iron nanoparticle and potassium silicate to mitigate salt-induced damage under in vitro conditions","volume":"24","author":"Mozafari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2023.09.019","article-title":"Combined efficiency of iron nanoparticles (IONPs) and salicylic acid (SA) on in vitro propagation of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) under combined drought and salinity","volume":"162","year":"2023","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"350","article-title":"The effect of herbagreen fertilizer nanoparticles in wheat productivity through leaf pulverization","volume":"14","author":"Prifti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Albanian J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"72","article-title":"Effect of herbagreen nanoparticles on biochemical and technological parameters of cereals (wheat and corn)","volume":"13","author":"Prifti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mele, A., Scognamiglio, V., Nocerino, V., De Stefano, L., Memo, A., Toro, R.G., Rossi, M., Baldassarre, F., and Capitelli, F. (2024). In-depth characterization of natural clays from southeast Albania. Crystals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst14100903"},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Dervishi, S., Korpa, A., and Gjyli, S. (2024, January 29\u201331). Enhanced photocatalytic properties of a novel Ag\/TiO2\/graphite nanocomposite. Proceedings of the 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes, Virtual."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Ili\u0107, P., Govedar, Z., and Pr\u017eulj, N. (2023). Primjena nanotehnologije u za\u0161titi \u017eivotne sredine. \u017divotna Sredina\/Environment (Monografija LV), Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Republike Srpske."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-023-02165-w","article-title":"Iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized from iron waste as an additive to lubricants for reducing friction","volume":"15","author":"Sukur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valorization"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2022.112101","article-title":"Thermal and structural stability of microporous natural clinoptilolite zeolite","volume":"341","author":"Kukobat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krumova, E., Benkova, D., Stoyancheva, G., Dishliyska, V., Miteva-Staleva, J., Kostadinova, A., Ivanov, K., El-Sayed, K., Staneva, G., and Elshoky, H. (2024). Exploring the mechanism underlying the antifungal activity of chitosan-based ZnO, CuO, and SiO2 nanocomposites as nanopesticides against Fusarium solani and Alternaria solani. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 268.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.131702"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"986","article-title":"CS and ZnO nanoparticles as fungicides against potato fungal pathogens Alternaria solani and Fusarium solani: Mechanism underlying their antifungal activity","volume":"77","author":"Benkova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Bulg. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Bo\u0161njak, D. (2022). Optimizacija Mikropropagacije Borovnice (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) Primjenom Nanobiotehnologije U Teku\u0107em Imerznom (Tib\/Tis) Sustavu Bioreaktora. [Ph.D. Thesis, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Department of Plant Production and Biotechnology]."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ko\u0161pi\u0107, K., Biba, R., Peharec \u0160tefani\u0107, P., Cvjetko, P., Tkalec, M., and Balen, B. (2022). Silver nanoparticle effects on antioxidant response in tobacco are modulated by surface coating. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11182402"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biba, R., Cvjetko, P., Tkalec, M., Ko\u0161pi\u0107, K., \u0160tefani\u0107, P.P., \u0160iki\u0107, S., Domijan, A.-M., and Balen, B. (2022). Effects of silver nanoparticles on physiological and proteomic responses of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) seedlings are coating-dependent. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232415923"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peharec \u0160tefani\u0107, P., Ko\u0161pi\u0107, K., Lyons, D.M., Jurkovi\u0107, L., Balen, B., and Tkalec, M. (2021). Phytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles on tobacco plants: Evaluation of coating effects on photosynthetic performance and chloroplast ultrastructure. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11030744"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5590","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-0928-8","article-title":"Phytotoxic effects of silver nanoparticles in tobacco plants","volume":"25","author":"Cvjetko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.210","article-title":"Use of copper, silver and zinc nanoparticles against foliar and soil-borne plant pathogens","volume":"670","author":"Malandrakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varympopi, A., Dimopoulou, A., Papafotis, D., Avramidis, P., Sarris, I., Karamanidou, T., Kerou, A.K., Vlachou, A., Vellis, E., and Giannopoulos, A. (2022). Antibacterial activity of copper nanoparticles against Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in tomato plants. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23084080"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ntasiou, P., Kaldeli Kerou, A., Karamanidou, T., Vlachou, A., Tziros, G.T., Tsouknidas, A., and Karaoglanidis, G.S. (2021). Synthesis and characterization of novel copper nanoparticles for the control of leaf spot and anthracnose diseases of olive. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11071667"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmpp.2025.102887","article-title":"Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with jasmonic acid induce plant resistance against Botrytis cinerea","volume":"140","author":"Margaritopoulou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147606","article-title":"Metal nanoparticles: Phytotoxicity on tomato and effect on symbiosis with the Fusarium solani FsK strain","volume":"787","author":"Malandrakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sperdouli, I., Moustaka, J., Antonoglou, O., Adamakis, I.D.S., Dendrinou-Samara, C., and Moustakas, M. (2019). Leaf age-dependent effects of foliar-sprayed CuZn nanoparticles on photosynthetic efficiency and ROS generation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12152498"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sperdouli, I., Giannousi, K., Moustaka, J., Antonoglou, O., Dendrinou-Samara, C., and Moustakas, M. (2025). Responses of tomato photosystem II photochemistry to pegylated zinc-doped ferrite nanoparticles. Nanomaterials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15040288"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tryfon, P., Sperdouli, I., Adamakis, I.-D.S., Mourdikoudis, S., Dendrinou-Samara, C., and Moustakas, M. (2023). Modification of tomato Photosystem II photochemistry with engineered zinc oxide nanorods. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12193502"},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"2022","article-title":"Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater using conventional and nanosorbents: A review","volume":"53","author":"Atkovska","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Metall."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"1","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles: Toxicity and inhibitory effects against aflatoxins","volume":"12","author":"Ackova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Sci. Today"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.5937\/savteh2501018B","article-title":"Impact of foliar nanocalcium fertilization on yield and wine characteristics of \u2018Vranac\u2019 wine grapes","volume":"14","author":"Atak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5446","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c01094","article-title":"Photosynthesis enhancement in maize via nontoxic orange carbon dots","volume":"69","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Radoti\u0107, K., Milenkovi\u0107, I., Bori\u0161ev, M., and Spasi\u0107, S. (2022). Use of Non-Toxic Organic Nanoparticles to Increase Productivity of Growed Plants and Procedure for Their Application. (P-2021\/0073), Available online: https:\/\/rimsi.imsi.bg.ac.rs\/handle\/123456789\/1854."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milenkovi\u0107, I., Bori\u0161ev, M., Zhou, Y., Spasi\u0107, S.Z., Spasi\u0107, D., Leblanc, R.M., and Radoti\u0107, K. (2024). Non-toxic orange carbon dots stimulate photosynthesis and CO2 assimilation in hydroponically cultivated green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). Funct. Plant Biol., 51.","DOI":"10.1071\/FP23164"},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"80","article-title":"Modeling of orange carbon dots\u2013CO2 interaction and its effects on photosynthesis and productivity in maize and green beans","volume":"43","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Inform."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milenkovi\u0107, I., Mitrovi\u0107, A., Algarra, M., L\u00e1zaro-Mart\u00ednez, J.M., Rodr\u00edguez-Castell\u00f3n, E., Maksimovi\u0107, V., Spasi\u0107, S.Z., Be\u0161koski, V.P., and Radoti\u0107, K. (2019). Interaction of carbohydrate-coated cerium oxide nanoparticles with wheat and pea: Stress induction potential and effect on development. Plants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants8110478"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.202100145","article-title":"Screening of semi-volatile compounds in plants treated with coated cerium oxide nanoparticles by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography","volume":"44","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1071\/FP22213","article-title":"Trans-generational effect of cerium oxide nanoparticles (nCeO2) on Chenopodium rubrum L. and Sinapis alba L. seeds","volume":"50","year":"2023","journal-title":"Funct. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.2298\/ABS1003539G","article-title":"Mature embryo-derived wheat transformation with major stress modulated antioxidant target gene","volume":"62","author":"Rausch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bori\u0161ev, M., Bori\u0161ev, I., \u017dupunski, M., Arsenov, D., Pajevi\u0107, S., \u0106ur\u010di\u0107, \u017d., Vasin, J., and Djordjevic, A. (2016). Drought impact is alleviated in sugar beets (Beta vulgaris L.) by foliar application of fullerenol nanoparticles. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166248"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joksimovi\u0107, A., Arsenov, D., Bori\u0161ev, M., Djordjevi\u0107, A., \u017dupunski, M., and Bori\u0161ev, I. (2025). Foliar application of fullerenol and zinc oxide nanoparticles improves stress resilience in drought-sensitive Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS ONE, 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0330022"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kova\u010d, T., Mar\u010dek, T., \u0160arkanj, B., Bori\u0161ev, I., I\u017eakovi\u0107, M., Juki\u0107, K., Lon\u010dari\u0107, A., Krska, T., Sulyok, M., and Krska, R. (2021). Fullerol C60(OH)24 nanoparticles and drought impact on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during growth and infection with Aspergillus flavus. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7030236"},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"217","article-title":"The impact of ZnO nanoparticles application on yield components of different wheat genotypes","volume":"66","author":"Ljubicic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. For."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suboti\u0107, A., Jevremovi\u0107, S., Milo\u0161evi\u0107, S., Trifunovi\u0107-Mom\u010dilov, M., \u0110uri\u0107, M., and Koruga, \u0110. (2022). Physiological response, oxidative stress assessment and aquaporin genes expression of cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) exposed to hyper-harmonized fullerene water complex. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11212810"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamind\u017ei\u0107, G., Azizbekian, S., Miljakovi\u0107, D., Turan, J., Nikoli\u0107, Z., Ignjatov, M., Milo\u0161evi\u0107, D., and Vasiljevi\u0107, S. (2023). Comprehensive metal-based nanopriming for improving seed germination and initial growth of field pea (Pisum sativum L.). Agronomy, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy13122932"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamind\u017ei\u0107, G., Azizbekian, S., Miljakovi\u0107, D., Ignjatov, M., Nikoli\u0107, Z., Budakov, D., Vasiljevi\u0107, S., and Grahovac, M. (2024). Assessment of various nanoprimings for boosting pea germination and early growth in both optimal and drought-stressed environments. Plants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13111547"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.30544\/MMD34","article-title":"Biocomposite films intended for agriculture application based on polysaccharide\/quinoa saponin\/Ag nanoparticles","volume":"2","author":"Segura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Data"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1080\/01904167.2025.2452429","article-title":"Effect of nanocalcium foliar application on the growth, yield, and fruit quality of strawberry cv. \u2018Alba\u2019","volume":"48","author":"Simin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"75","article-title":"Knowledge and skills transfer for the application of nanotechnology in biosensors for foodborne pathogens: Abstract","volume":"78","author":"Bajac","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hem. Ind."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumari, R., Suman, K., Karmakar, S., Mishra, V., Lakra, S.G., Saurav, G.K., and Mahto, B.K. (2023). Regulation and safety measures for nanotechnology-based agri-products. Front. Genome Ed., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgeed.2023.1200987"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.2203\/dose-response.10-029.Hansen","article-title":"European regulation affecting nanomaterials\u2014Review of limitations and future recommendations","volume":"10","author":"Hansen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dose-Response"},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"Ahmad, P., and Rasool, S. (2014). Interactions of nanoparticles with plants: An emerging prospective in the agriculture industry. Emerging Technologies and Management of Crop Stress Tolerance, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.03.031","article-title":"Interactions between engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) and plants: Phytotoxicity, uptake and accumulation","volume":"408","author":"Ma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/14\/22\/3499\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T11:34:09Z","timestamp":1763465649000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/14\/22\/3499"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,16]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["plants14223499"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants14223499","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,16]]}}}