{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T14:50:06Z","timestamp":1788274206005,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wound healing is a complex biological process involving overlapping phases of inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Plant-derived agents have gained attention as alternatives or adjuncts to synthetic drugs owing to their accessibility and favorable safety profile. This study evaluated the wound-healing activity of Vacrol Oil Combination (VOC), a phytotherapeutic preparation, through in vivo wound models and in vitro enzyme inhibition assays. Linear incision wounds in rats and circular excision wounds in mice were treated with VOC, administered orally, topically, or in combination for 10 days. Experimental groups included a negative control (no treatment), a vehicle control (olive oil), VOC-treated groups, and a reference group treated with 0.2% nitrofurazone. Wound contraction, tensile strength, histopathology, and hydroxyproline levels were assessed. In vitro assays were conducted to evaluate the inhibitory effects of VOC on hyaluronidase, collagenase, and elastase. VEGF and TGF-\u03b21 levels were measured to assess the involvement of growth factors in the healing process. The chemical composition of VOC was characterized by gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS), which identified carvacrol as the major compound, together with 1,8-cineole, linalool, eugenol, and cinnamaldehyde as prominent constituents known for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. VOC treatment significantly enhanced wound contraction and tensile strength compared to controls, with the oral + topical group showing the highest efficacy. Hydroxyproline levels and histological findings confirmed improved collagen synthesis and tissue regeneration. GC\u2013MS analysis identified carvacrol as the major constituent of VOC, along with eugenol and linalool, which are known for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Furthermore, VOC increased tissue levels of VEGF and TGF-\u03b21, suggesting a role in stimulating angiogenesis and extracellular matrix remodeling. These findings indicate that the phytoconstituents of VOC, particularly carvacrol and oxygenated terpenes, act synergistically to promote wound repair. VOC demonstrates strong potential as a complementary phytotherapeutic agent for wound management, warranting further clinical investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14223547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T15:00:17Z","timestamp":1763650817000},"page":"3547","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comprehensive Evaluation of Vacrol Oil Combination in Experimental Wound Healing: From Phytochemical Analysis to Functional and Structural Repair"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5829-7869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esra","family":"K\u00fcpeli Akkol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Etiler, Ankara 06330, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Didem","family":"Deliorman Orhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Etiler, Ankara 06330, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034509359125","article-title":"Factors affecting wound healing","volume":"89","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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