{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T19:38:32Z","timestamp":1788896312016,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"South African National Treasury","award":["002586"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["002586"]}]},{"name":"South African Department of Science, Technology and Innovation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Effective in vitro propagation of medicinal and aromatic plants such as Thymus vulgaris is often limited by the choice of optimal cytokinin sources, which are critical for successful shoot proliferation and overall regeneration. Since their discovery, topolins have been recognized as alternatives to traditional cytokinins (CKs) such as benzyladenine (BA) and kinetin (Kin) in plant tissue culture (PTC). This study investigated the influence of three aromatic CKs (meta-topolin (mT), BA, and Kin), on shoot proliferation of thyme, with the goal of improving current PTC protocols. Of all the tested treatments, the highest shoot proliferation (7.25 \u00b1 0.72 shoots per nodal explant) was observed in the treatment with 1 \u00b5M mT, superior to BA and Kin. Increasing mT and BA concentrations from 1 to 15 \u00b5M had an inverse effect on shoot production. The addition of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 5.0 \u00b5M in combination with 0.5 and 1 \u00b5M mT did not increase the mean shoot numbers per explant. Regenerated shoots exhibited a strong propensity for root development even in the absence of plant growth regulators with 100% survival ex vitro. This study demonstrated that mT is an effective, sustainable and cost-effective alternative to traditional CKs for in vitro propagation of T. vulgaris, achieving an improved shoot proliferation with 1 \u03bcM mT application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14233567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T11:47:22Z","timestamp":1763984842000},"page":"3567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Meta-Topolin as an Aromatic Cytokinin for In Vitro Propagation of Thymus vulgaris L."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6140-1364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mologadi B.","family":"Mabotja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2745, South Africa"},{"name":"Agricultural Research Council\u2014Vegetables, Industrial, and Medicinal Plants, Private Bag X293, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6602-246X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adeyemi O.","family":"Aremu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indigenous Knowledge Systems Centre, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2745, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4938-0350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karel","family":"Dole\u017eal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Growth Regulators, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, \u0160lechtitel\u016f 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palack\u00fd University, \u0160lechtitel\u016f 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3937-1776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oziniel","family":"Ruzvidzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2745, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0009-5436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen O.","family":"Amoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Research Council\u2014Vegetables, Industrial, and Medicinal Plants, Private Bag X293, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"},{"name":"Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"George, E.F., Hall, M.A., and De Klerk, G.J. 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