{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:01:06Z","timestamp":1789084866939,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Development Plan Project","award":["20220101266JC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220101266JC"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alpine tundra\u2019s harsh conditions challenge plants, but Rhododendron\u2019s adaptive mechanisms remain unclear. This study explored phenotypic\/transcriptomic adaptations of three Rhododendron species (R. aureum, R. lapponicum, R. redowskianum) in Changbai Mountains\u2019 tundra vs. timberline. Mature leaves were sampled for leaf length and leaf width measurement and RNA-seq. Results showed leaf width (not leaf length uniformly) reduced in tundra across all species. RNA-seq identified 2399\u20135716 DEGs per species; plant dwarfism DEGs (e.g., DELLA, EDS1) were up-regulated. Shared DEGs were enriched in carbon\/nitrogen metabolism and stress response; IPUT1 (DUH022406.1) and PGT1 (DUH001929.1) were consistently down-regulated (linked to dwarfism). Species-specific responses included R. aureum\u2019s light adaptation, R. lapponicum\u2019s freezing\/hypoxia response, and R. redowskianum\u2019s sugar\/UV\/microbial regulation. Rhododendron adapts to tundra via leaf width adjustment, metabolic optimization, and IPUT1\/PGT1-mediated dwarfism, with conserved core mechanisms and species specialization, supporting climate change response predictions and conservation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14233602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T10:04:57Z","timestamp":1764151497000},"page":"3602","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Adaptive Traits and Molecular Mechanisms of Rhododendron Species in Changbai Mountains\u2019 Alpine Tundra: A Phenotype\u2013Transcriptome Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zhongzan","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Medicine Breeding and Cultivation, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Qianjin Avenue 2699, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Medicine Breeding and Cultivation, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Qianjin Avenue 2699, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangnan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Medicine Breeding and Cultivation, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Qianjin Avenue 2699, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Medicine Breeding and Cultivation, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Qianjin Avenue 2699, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Medicine Breeding and Cultivation, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Qianjin Avenue 2699, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqiao","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Medicine Breeding and Cultivation, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Qianjin Avenue 2699, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Medicine Breeding and Cultivation, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Qianjin Avenue 2699, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, X.M., Yang, M.Q., Li, C.L., Huang, S.X., Jin, W.T., Shen, T.T., Wang, F., Li, X.H., Yoichi, W., and Zhang, L.H. (2022). Spatiotemporal evolution of the global species diversity of Rhododendron. Mol. Biol. Evol., 39.","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab314"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, G.L., Li, Y., Pei, F., Gong, T., Chen, T.J., Chen, J.J., Yang, J.L., Li, Q.H., Yu, S.S., and Zhu, P. (2022). Chromosome-scale genome assembly of provides insights into its evolution and terpenoid biosynthesis. BMC Plant Biol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-022-03720-8"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jing, L.L., Ma, H.P., Fan, P.C., Gao, R.M., and Jia, Z.P. (2015). Antioxidant potential, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of Rhododendron anthopogonoides and its protective effect on hypoxia-induced injury in PC12 cells. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-015-0820-3"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2023.121463","article-title":"Is the invasive Rhododendron ponticum L. an emergent threat to mainland Atlantic forests? A population dynamics approach","volume":"549","author":"Casati","year":"2023","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Sha, M.Y., Jin, H.Q., Wang, L.F., Zhang, J., Xu, Z.F., Tan, B., Chen, L.H., Wang, L.X., and Liu, S.N. (2023). The expansion of evergreen and deciduous shrubs changed the chemical characteristics and biological community of alpine meadows soil. Eur. J. Soil. Biol., 117.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejsobi.2023.103505"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s12231-025-09643-3","article-title":"A swirling offering: Climate change impacts on incense and other useful alpine plants of Bhutan","volume":"79","author":"Gyeltshen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Econ. Bot."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcac114","article-title":"Resolution, conflict and rate shifts: Insights from a densely sampled plastome phylogeny for Rhododendron (Ericaceae)","volume":"130","author":"Mo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, S., Yuan, C.J., Zhang, P.L., Wang, H.D., Luo, D.L., and Dai, X.Y. (2024). Study on the characteristics of genetic diversity of different populations of Guizhou endemic plant Rhododendron pudingense based on microsatellite markers. BMC Plant Biol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-024-04759-5"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s11676-019-01081-x","article-title":"Adaptability of Rhododendrons in high altitude habitats","volume":"32","author":"Choudhary","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1007\/s12298-019-00685-1","article-title":"Physiological and transcriptomic analysis highlight key metabolic pathways in relation to drought tolerance in Rhododendron delavayi","volume":"25","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2018.03.082","article-title":"Physiological and transcriptomic analysis revealed the involvement of crucial factors in heat stress response of Rhododendron hainanense","volume":"660","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2021.112773","article-title":"Upward range shift of a dominant alpine shrub related to 50 years of snow cover change","volume":"268","author":"Zong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.171832","article-title":"Alpine Rhododendron population contractions lead to spatial distribution mismatch with their pollinators under climate change","volume":"926","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11042","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.11042","article-title":"Predicting the potential distribution of 12 threatened medicinal plants on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with a maximum entropy model","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2022.109284","article-title":"Alpine shrubs have benefited more than trees from 20th century warming at a treeline ecotone site in the French Pyrenees","volume":"329","author":"Francon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.12.223","article-title":"Climate and land use changes will degrade the distribution of Rhododendrons in China","volume":"659","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J.H., Li, K.J., Liu, X.F., Yang, L., and Shen, S.K. (2021). Interspecific variance of suitable habitat changes for four alpine Rhododendron species under climate change: Implications for their reintroductions. Forests, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/f12111520"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"285","article-title":"An analysis on the ecology of alpine tundra landscape of Changbai Mountains","volume":"39","author":"Huang","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-018-0978-y","article-title":"Comparative assessment of tundra vegetation changes between north and southwest slopes of Changbai Mountains, China, in response to global warming","volume":"28","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, Y.Y., Xu, J.W., He, H.S., Li, M.H., Tao, Y., Zhang, Y.J., Hu, R., Gao, X., Bai, Y.Y., and Wang, H.Y. (2019). The Changbai alpine shrub tundra will be replaced by herbaceous tundra under global climate change. Plants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants8100370"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-020-02110-6","article-title":"Conservation planning of the genus Rhododendron in Northeast China based on current and future suitable habitat distributions","volume":"30","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1134\/S1995425523050141","article-title":"Morphological and genetic differentiation of populations of Rhododendron aureum Georgi. (Ericaceae) in the mountains of Southern Siberia and on the Kamchatka Peninsula","volume":"16","author":"Tikhonova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Contemp. Probl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-015-0787-5","article-title":"Characterization of microbial community structure in rhizosphere soils of Cowskin Azalea (Rhododendron aureum Georgi) on northern slope of Changbai Mountains, China","volume":"26","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2021.104387","article-title":"Volatile organic compound emission in tundra shrubs\u2014Dependence on species characteristics and the near-surface environment","volume":"184","author":"Simin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2023.04.043","article-title":"Metabolomic profiling of three Rhododendron species from Eastern Siberia by liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry","volume":"157","author":"Chernonosov","year":"2023","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1080\/17550874.2013.817487","article-title":"Fifty years of vegetation change in oceanic-montane liverwort-rich heath in Scotland","volume":"7","author":"Flagmeier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Ecol. Divers."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6057","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/ers292","article-title":"Genetic and physiological analysis of Rht8 in bread wheat: An alternative source of semi-dwarfism with a reduced sensitivity to brassinosteroids","volume":"63","author":"Gasperini","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2006.02.001","article-title":"Frost dehardening and rehardening of floral buds of deciduous azaleas are influenced by genotypic biogeography","volume":"59","author":"Kalberer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, W., Gong, F.S., Xu, H.W., and Zhou, X.F. (2024). Molecular mechanism of exogenous ABA to enhance UV-B resistance in Rhododendron chrysanthum Pall. by modulating flavonoid accumulation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25105248"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-020-00495-7","article-title":"Climate warming persistence triggered tree ingression after shrub encroachment in a high alpine tundra","volume":"23","author":"Malfasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"nwac276","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwac276","article-title":"Pervasive hybridization during evolutionary radiation of Rhododendron subgenus Hymenanthes in mountains of southwest China","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhongzan, Y., Jian, Y., Jiangnan, L., Wei, Z., Ming, X., Yujiao, Z., Ma, C., Yuqiao, G., Yueming, Z., and Xia, C. (2025). Divergent functional traits and gene expression profiles in native and encroaching plant species across an alpine elevational gradient. Front. Plant Sci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1656812"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5400","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/20.19.5400","article-title":"Direct interaction between the Arabidopsis disease resistance signaling proteins, EDS1 and PAD4","volume":"20","author":"Feys","year":"2001","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molp.2025.10.001","article-title":"Convergent antisense transcription primes hosting genes for stress responsiveness in plants","volume":"18","author":"Zacharaki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1111\/jipb.13961","article-title":"Genetic variation for adaptive evolution in response to changed environments in plants","volume":"67","author":"Hou","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Integr. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ge, X.L., Zhang, L., Du, J.J., Wen, S.S., Qu, G.Z., and Hu, J.J. (2022). Transcriptome analysis of Populus euphratica under salt treatment and PeERF1 gene enhances salt tolerance in transgenic Populus alba \u00d7 Populus glandulosa. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073727"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2017.12.002","article-title":"Reciprocal regulation of the TOR kinase and ABA receptor balances plant growth and stress response","volume":"69","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y.P., Yan, Y.Z., Shi, M.M., and Liu, Y.Q. (2019). Effect of an atmospheric pressure plasma jet on the structure and physicochemical properties of waxy and normal maize starch. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11010008"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortega-Albero, N., Gonz\u00e1lez-Orenga, S., Vicente, O., Rodr\u00edguez-Burruezo, A., and Fita, A. (2023). Responses to salt stress of the interspecific hybrid Solanum insanum \u00d7 Solanum melongena and its parental species. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12020295"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"33","article-title":"Effects of altitude and leaf age on leaf shape in an alpine shrub: The relevance for the leaf area estimation model","volume":"70","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pol. J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3566","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c07908","article-title":"Roles of phytohormones and their signaling pathways in leaf development and stress responses","volume":"69","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molp.2018.06.006","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of leaf morphogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.12857","article-title":"The influence of leaf size and shape on leaf thermal dynamics: Does theory hold up under natural conditions?","volume":"40","author":"Leigh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demmings, E.M., Williams, B.R., Lee, C.R., Barba, P., Yang, S.S., Hwang, C.F., Reisch, B.I., Chitwood, D.H., and Londo, J.P. (2019). Quantitative trait locus analysis of leaf morphology indicates conserved shape loci in grapevine. Front. Plant Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.01373"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molp.2019.07.006","article-title":"DELLA and EDS1 form a feedback regulatory module to fine-tune plant growth-defense tradeoff in Arabidopsis","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiab050","article-title":"Transcription-associated metabolomic adjustments in maize occur during combined drought and cold stress","volume":"186","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.18411","article-title":"Positive selection and heat-response transcriptomes reveal adaptive features of the Brassicaceae desert model, Anastatica hierochuntica","volume":"236","author":"Eshel","year":"2022","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2020.118746","article-title":"Effects of catastrophic wind disturbance on formation of forest patch mosaic structure on the western and southern slopes of Changbai Mountain","volume":"481","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-025-01816-y","article-title":"Increased carbon cost for nitrogen assimilation in plants under a warming climate","volume":"18","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, R.Y., Wang, H.X., Mao, F.Q., Tao, L., Tan, X.M., Pan, X.H., Zeng, Y.J., and Zeng, Y.H. (2025). The mechanism of carbon and nitrogen metabolism under low temperature and low light stress after heading in late indica rice. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 218.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2024.109316"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.11.003","article-title":"The genomic origin of early maize in eastern North America","volume":"188","author":"Fritz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2025.109995","article-title":"Response of rice quality to climate warming: A meta-analysis","volume":"331","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2290","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.19.00494","article-title":"MdUGT88F1-mediated phloridzin biosynthesis regulates apple development and Valsa canker resistance","volume":"180","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.13382","article-title":"Glycosylation of inositol phosphorylceramide sphingolipids is required for normal growth and reproduction in Arabidopsis","volume":"89","author":"Tartaglio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1071\/BT12225","article-title":"New handbook for standardised measurement of plant functional traits worldwide","volume":"61","author":"Garnier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aust. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btn025","article-title":"SOAP: Short oligonucleotide alignment program","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1923","article-title":"Fast gapped-read alignment with Bowtie 2","volume":"9","author":"Langmead","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2544","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.13680","article-title":"High-quality evergreen azalea genome reveals tandem duplication-facilitated low-altitude adaptability and floral scent evolution","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, B., and Dewey, C.N. (2011). RSEM: Accurate transcript quantification from RNA-Seq data with or without a reference genome. BMC Bioinform., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-323"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Love, M.I., Huber, W., and Anders, S. (2014). Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2. Genome Biol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Storey, J.D., Bass, A.J., Dabney, A., Robinson, D., and Warnes, G. (2022, February 03). qvalue: Q-Value Estimation for False Discovery Rate Control, Version 2.26.0; R Package. Available online: http:\/\/github.com\/jdstorey\/qvalue."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-985X.2010.00676_9.x","article-title":"ggplot2: Elegant graphics for data analysis","volume":"174","author":"Ginestet","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. A\u2014Stat. Soc."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/14\/23\/3602\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T10:47:43Z","timestamp":1764154063000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/14\/23\/3602"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["plants14233602"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants14233602","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]}}}