{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T01:59:57Z","timestamp":1785895197320,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004612","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Arauc\u00e1ria","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["062\/2023\u2014PDI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["062\/2023\u2014PDI"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004612","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["08473\/2023-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["08473\/2023-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023\/06134-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/06134-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study aimed to apply ultrasonic probe-assisted extraction (UPAE) using ethanol as a solvent to separate compounds from Stachys byzantina leaves. Experimental tests were carried out to investigate the influence of temperature (T) (30, 45 and 60 \u00b0C), ultrasonic amplitude (UA) (30, 60 and 90%) and extraction time (ET) (10, 15 and 20 min) on the extraction yield (EY). The extracts obtained at different extraction times were characterized for compound profile, soluble protein content, and antioxidant potential. The cytotoxic effect of the extract was also evaluated. The greatest mass recovery (19.8 wt%) was verified at the highest levels of the variables. The total phenolic compound content and antioxidant potential increased with the application of extraction times of 5 to 20 min, at 60 \u00b0C and UA of 90%. The extracts contained ~25 wt% of soluble protein. The extracts showed a predominance of chlorogenic, protocatechuic, and syringic acids. Nicotinic acid was also detected in the extracts, with levels ranging from 11.91 to 13.86 mg\/100 g. The fatty acid profile indicated the presence of lauric, palmitic and linolenic acids in higher concentrations, with quantification of squalene, \u03b1-tocopherol and \u03b2-sitosterol. The ethanolic extract of Stachys byzantina showed no cytotoxic effect on HaCaT cells at concentrations up to 200 \u00b5g\/mL, maintaining cell viability above 70% after 48 h of exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14233636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T08:44:28Z","timestamp":1764751468000},"page":"3636","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ethanolic Extract of Stachys byzantina Leaf: Optimization of Ultrasonic Probe-Assisted Extraction and Characterization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sthefany Lorena Gemaque","family":"Dias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1, Av. Colombo 5790, Maring\u00e1 87020-900, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1173-8636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dj\u00e9ssica Tatiane","family":"Raspe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1, Av. Colombo 5790, Maring\u00e1 87020-900, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar de Oliveira Santos","family":"J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica (DQI), Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1 (UEM), Av. Colombo, Maring\u00e1 87020-900, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3988-9129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Luisa Gon\u00e7alves","family":"Agneis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias, Universidade Estadual Paulista \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d, Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7461-8773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio Rodrigues Ferreira","family":"Seiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias, Universidade Estadual Paulista \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d, Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7011-616X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor Augusto dos Santos","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Produ\u00e7\u00e3o Vegetal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Agron\u00f4micas, Universidade Estadual Paulista \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d, Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1764-9979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00facio","family":"Cardozo-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1, Av. Colombo 5790, Maring\u00e1 87020-900, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7989-7046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camila da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Tecnologia, Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1, Av. \u00c2ngelo Moreira da Fonseca 1800, Umuarama 87506-370, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2013.07.024","article-title":"Molecular phylogeny of tribe Stachydeae (Lamiaceae subfamily Lamioideae)","volume":"69","author":"Salmaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Phylogenet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2015.01.002","article-title":"Green synthesis of gallic acid-coated silver nanoparticles with high antimicrobial activity and low cytotoxicity to normal cells","volume":"50","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eujim.2020.101134","article-title":"The health benefits of three Hedgenettle herbal teas (Stachys byzantina, Stachys inflata, and Stachys lavandulifolia)-profiling phenolic and antioxidant activities","volume":"36","author":"Bahadori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49899","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c08830","article-title":"Stachys byzantina K. Koch in the treatment of skin inflammation: A comprehensive evaluation of its therapeutic properties","volume":"9","author":"Lima","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/15422119.2024.2381605","article-title":"Eco-friendly extraction: Innovations, principles, and comparison with traditional methods","volume":"54","author":"Shrivastav","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9550","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cs60241a","article-title":"Bio-based solvents: An emerging generation of fluids for the design of eco-efficient processes in catalysis and organic chemistry","volume":"42","author":"Gu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"2000132","article-title":"Performance of green solvents in the extraction of sunflower oil from enzyme-treated collets","volume":"123","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Food Res Technol"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2023.106646","article-title":"A comprehensive review of ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) for bioactive components: Principles, advantages, equipment, and combined technologies","volume":"101","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.03.040","article-title":"Microwave, ultrasound, thermal treatments, and bead milling as intensification techniques for extraction of lipids from oleaginous Yarrowia lipolytica yeast for a biojetfuel application","volume":"211","author":"Meullemiestre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2020.105325","article-title":"Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds from fruit and vegetable processing by-products: A review","volume":"70","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2025.118469","article-title":"Bioactive Compounds from Black Mulberry (Morus nigra L.) Leaves: Optimization of Ultrasonic Extraction and Encapsulation with Sodium Alginate","volume":"232","author":"Campos","year":"2025","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalompatsios, D., Athanasiadis, V., Mantiniotou, M., and Lalas, S.I. (2024). Optimization of ultrasonication probe-assisted extraction parameters for bioactive compounds from Opuntia macrorhiza using Taguchi design and assessment of antioxidant properties. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app142210460"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"100066","article-title":"Extraction and characterization of phenolic compounds from Commiphora gileadensis bark using ultrasonic-assisted extraction","volume":"4","author":"Mokaizh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2024.106852","article-title":"Ultrasonic-assisted extraction to enhance the recovery of bioactive phenolic compounds from Commiphora gileadensis leaves","volume":"105","author":"Mokaizh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, Z.J., Xie, C., Duan, X., Ng, K., and Suleria, H.A.R. (2024). Optimization of ultrasonic extraction parameters for the recovery of phenolic compounds in brown seaweed: Comparison with conventional techniques. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13040409"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29235","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-023-04725-5","article-title":"Optimization of Ultrasonic-microwave synergistic extraction of total coumarins and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity from the leaves of Heracleum vicinum Boiss","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefin."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s44447-025-00014-x","article-title":"Effects of Ultrasound-Assisted Bath, Probe, and Extraction Time on Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity in White Tea (Camellia sinensis) Extracts from Purple- and Green-Leaf Cultivars","volume":"24","author":"Puangpraphant","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Saudi Soc. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benedec, D., Oniga, I., Hanganu, D., Tiperciuc, B., Nistor, A., Vlase, A.-M., Vlase, L., Puscas, C., Duma, M., and Login, C.C. (2023). Stachys species: Comparative evaluation of phenolic profile and antimicrobial and antioxidant potential. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12111644"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2023.117851","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of goldfish (Stachys byzantina K. Koch) extracts obtained using natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES)","volume":"208","author":"Silva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(99)99017-1","article-title":"Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent","volume":"299","author":"Singleton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, C., Howell, K., Dunshea, F.R., and Suleria, H.A.R. (2019). LC-ESI-QTOF\/MS characterisation of phenolic acids and flavonoids in polyphenol-rich fruits and vegetables and their potential antioxidant activities. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8090405"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2812","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.9.2812","article-title":"Total Antioxidant Capacity of Plant Foods, Beverages and Oils Consumed in Italy Assessed by Three Different In Vitro Assays","volume":"133","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6","article-title":"Protein Measurement with the Folin Phenol Reagent","volume":"193","author":"Lowry","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2021.105307","article-title":"Pressurized liquid extraction of radish seed oil using ethanol as solvent: Effect of pretreatment on seeds and process variables","volume":"176","author":"Mello","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1712","article-title":"A simple, fast and efficient method for transesterification of fatty acids in foods assisted by ultrasound energy","volume":"25","author":"Montanher","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Braz. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosa, A.C.S., Hoscheid, J., Garcia, V.A.d.S., de Oliveira Santos Junior, O., and da Silva, C. (2024). Phytochemical Extract from Syzygium cumini Leaf: Maximization of Compound Extraction, Chemical Characterization, Antidiabetic and Antibacterial Activity, and Cell Viability. Processes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr12102270"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(97)00151-0","article-title":"The sensitivity and specificity of the MTS tetrazolium assay for detecting the in vitro cytotoxicity of 20 chemicals using human cell lines","volume":"124","author":"Malich","year":"1997","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2024.118466","article-title":"Application of circulating and pulsating ultrasonic extraction of lignans from Schisandra chinensis Baill fruits using deep eutectic solvents","volume":"214","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1080\/01496395.2016.1250777","article-title":"Development of the Ultrasonic Conditions as an Advanced Technique for Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Eucalyptus robusta Leaves","volume":"52","author":"Bhuyan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sep. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Lin, A.H.-M., Han, Q., and Xu, Q. (2020). Evaluation of Direct Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Potato Peels. Processes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr8121665"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.100","article-title":"Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Polysaccharides from Lentinus edodes and Its Anti-Hepatitis B Activity in vitro","volume":"107","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.cgd.5b01470","article-title":"Ultrasound assisted crystallization of Paracetamol: Crystal size distribution and polymorph control","volume":"16","author":"Bhangu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Silva, N., Nolasco-Gonz\u00e1lez, Y., Aguilar-Hern\u00e1ndez, G., S\u00e1yago-Ayerdi, S.G., Villagr\u00e1n, Z., Acosta, J.L., Montalvo-Gonz\u00e1lez, E., and Anaya-Esparza, L.M. (2022). Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Psidium cattleianum Leaves: Optimization Using the Response Surface Methodology. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27113557"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Mahindrakar, K.V., Dinesh, R., Ramasamy, S., Sundararajan, M., Muthukumar, M., Arumugam, S., Kumar, S., Rajendran, S., Ramasamy, S., and Sundararajan, M. (2022). Ultrasound-Assisted Intensified Aqueous Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Cinnamomum verum Bark: Optimization, Characterization, and Antioxidant Activity. Food Bioprod. Process., 132."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/s12393-011-9036-6","article-title":"Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Natural Products","volume":"3","author":"Esclapez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Eng. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2016.12.034","article-title":"Study of Ultrasonic Cavitation during Extraction of the Peanut Oil at Varying Frequencies","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/02726351.2021.1930302","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Stachys byzantina K. Koch: Characterization, Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Cytotoxic Activity","volume":"40","author":"Yousefbeyk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Part. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.130350","article-title":"A Study of the Bioactive Potential of Seven Neglected and Underutilized Leaves Consumed in Brazil","volume":"364","author":"Souza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Passos, F.R.D., Fiorese, M.L., Silva, E.A.D., Oliveira Santos Junior, O.D., Cardozo-Filho, L., and Silva, C.D. (2025). Application of Sequential Extraction Using Pressurized Fluids to Obtain Compounds from Pereskia aculeata Leaves. Plants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14131956"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.130078","article-title":"Extraction Optimization of Bioactive Compounds from Ora-pro-nobis (Pereskia aculeata Miller) Leaves and Their In Vitro Antioxidant and Antihemolytic Activities","volume":"361","author":"Cruz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Tian, Y., Yang, M., Yang, J., Wang, Y., Tao, L., Sheng, J., and Shi, C. (2024). Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Moringa oleifera Lam. Leaves with Ultrasonic-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvents. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1405128"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2023.112206","article-title":"Polyphenolic Profiling of Victoria amazonica Using MRM LC-MS\/MS: A Comparative Analysis of Various Plant Parts","volume":"320","author":"Rai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scientia Hortic."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2020.105293","article-title":"Advances in Application of Ultrasound in Food Processing: A Review","volume":"70","author":"Bhargava","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2022.105955","article-title":"Ultrasound-Assisted Processing: Science, Technology and Challenges for the Plant-Based Protein Industry","volume":"84","author":"Ampofo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mijalkovi\u0107, J., \u0160ekuljica, N., Jakoveti\u0107 Tanaskovi\u0107, S., Petrovi\u0107, P., Balan\u010d, B., Kori\u0107anac, M., Coni\u0107, A., Bakra\u010d, J., \u0110or\u0111evi\u0107, V., and Bugarski, B. (2024). Ultrasound as Green Technology for the Valorization of Pumpkin Leaves: Intensification of Protein Recovery. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29174027"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12576-022-00845-1","article-title":"Antioxidative Properties of Phenolic Compounds and Their Effect on Oxidative Stress Induced by Severe Physical Exercise","volume":"72","author":"Kruk","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e121522","DOI":"10.1590\/fst.121522","article-title":"Comparison of Antioxidant Activities Expressed as Equivalents of Standard Antioxidant","volume":"43","author":"Hwang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-018-0352-y","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity and Contents of Leaf Extracts Obtained from Dendropanax morbifera Lev. Are Dependent on the Collecting Season and Extraction Conditions","volume":"28","author":"Youn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0b013e3283613a68","article-title":"Recent advances in niacin and lipid metabolism","volume":"24","author":"Kamanna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2025.102541","article-title":"Vegetable Oil Oxidation: Mechanisms, Impacts on Quality, and Approaches to Enhance Shelf Life","volume":"28","author":"Gharby","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2019.06.002","article-title":"Gas Chromatographic Fingerprint Analysis of Secondary Metabolites of Stachys lanata (Stachys byzantina C. Koch) Combined with Antioxidant Activity Modelling Using Multivariate Chemometric Methods","volume":"1602","author":"Aminfar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(2009). Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices\u2014Part 5: Tests for In Vitro Cytotoxicity (Standard No. ISO 10993-5:2009)."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"446","article-title":"Stachys byzantina K. Koch (Lamiaceae) as a Potential Ingredient for Delaying Skin Ageing and Treating Hyperpigmentation Disorders in Pharmaceutical Products","volume":"77","author":"Leite","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ha, J.W., and Boo, Y.C. (2021). Siegesbeckiae Herba Extract and Chlorogenic Acid Ameliorate the Death of HaCaT Keratinocytes Exposed to Airborne Particulate Matter by Mitigating Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10111762"}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/14\/23\/3636\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T05:14:04Z","timestamp":1764825244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/14\/23\/3636"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["plants14233636"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants14233636","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]}}}