{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T04:14:36Z","timestamp":1778732076107,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) were produced via green routes using blueberry extracts obtained with isopropanol (I-TiO2-NPs) and methanol (M-TiO2 NPs). HPLC-DAD confirmed phenolic\/flavonoid profiles in the extracts, and spectroscopy\/microscopy established anatase, polyhedral, mesoporous TiO2-NPs with Eg \u2248 3.0 eV, hydrodynamic sizes \u2248 130\u2013150 nm and negative \u03b6-potentials (\u221233 to \u221250 mV). The in vitro compatibility between TiO2-NPs and the plant-growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) Bacillus subtilis (Bs), Bacillus thuringiensis (B), and Trichoderma harzianum (T) sustained increased growth up to 150 \u00b5g\/mL without visible negative effects. In greenhouse experimentation of Capsicum annuum exposed to low-moderate TiO2-NPs, an increased leaf number and plant height were observed, while root length did not exceed the controls. I-TiO2 at moderate concentrations, particularly with a single PGPM (B or T), promoted fresh and dry biomass accumulation. Biochemically, peroxidase rose sharply for M-TiO2 at a low dose with consortium, whereas I-TiO2 elicited broader antioxidant responses; total protein increased at higher doses for both formulations, and total chlorophyll was highest with I-TiO2 (high dose with or without PGPMS). Collectively, the nano-bio system shows a formulation- and dose-dependent biphasic behavior: (I) I-TiO2 enhances biomass and photosynthetic pigments; (II) M-TiO2 favors strong POX induction under specific microorganism-dose combinations; and (III) single PGPM co-application with I-TiO2-NPs or M-TiO2 NPs outperforms consortia under our experimental conditions. Green synthesis thus provides surface functionalities that improve dispersion, microbial compatibility, and predictable physiological\/biochemical outcomes for precision agriculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14233672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T08:44:28Z","timestamp":1764751468000},"page":"3672","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["From Bench to Greenhouse: The Comparative Nano-Bio System Effects of Green-Synthesized TiO2-NPs and Plant-Growth-Promoting Microorganisms in Capsicum annuum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4285-8972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atiya","family":"Bhatti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Ave. General Ramon Corona 2514, Zapopan 45138, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8252-5211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge L.","family":"Mej\u00eda-M\u00e9ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Epigmenio Gonz\u00e1lez 500, San Pablo 76130, Quer\u00e9taro, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soheil S.","family":"Mamhoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8744-1487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Araceli","family":"Sanchez-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda de Proyectos, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Jos\u00e9 Guadalupe Zuno # 48, Industrial los Belenes, Zapopan 45157, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3666-0855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gildardo","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Ante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Ave. General Ramon Corona 2514, Zapopan 45138, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8742-6247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Manuel","family":"Silva-Jara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacobiolog\u00eda, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino Garc\u00eda Barrag\u00e1n 1421, Ol\u00edmpica, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8709-7631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenio","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Arreola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Qu\u00edmico Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad de las Am\u00e9ricas Puebla, Santa Catarina M\u00e1rtir s\/n, San Andr\u00e9s Cholula 72810, Puebla, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis Marcelo","family":"Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Ave. General Ramon Corona 2514, Zapopan 45138, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7069-7454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Tortella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Excelencia en Investigaci\u00f3n Biotecnol\u00f3gica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA-BIOREN), Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1681-2885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgar R.","family":"L\u00f3pez-Mena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Ave. General Ramon Corona 2514, Zapopan 45138, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6810-8032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego E.","family":"Navarro-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Ave. General Ramon Corona 2514, Zapopan 45138, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miladinov, G. 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