{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:18:28Z","timestamp":1790198308721,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Special Program for Outstanding Science and Technology Innovation Talents of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences","award":["YCZX202502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YCZX202502"]}]},{"name":"Fujian Province Forestry Seedling Science and Technology Research Project","award":["ZMGG-0813"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZMGG-0813"]}]},{"name":"Fujian Provincial Special Fund for Public Welfare Research Institutes","award":["2024R1030009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024R1030009"]}]},{"name":"High-quality Development of Agriculture in Fujian Province Exceeds the \u201c5511\u201d Collaborative Innovation Project","award":["XTCXGC2021016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XTCXGC2021016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Phalaenopsis is one of the most economically valuable genera in the Orchidaceae family. However, the common varieties of Phalaenopsis in the market rarely have fragrance, greatly limiting the sustainable development of the Phalaenopsis industry. Here, an integrated investigation was conducted on the patterns and determinants of aroma release in Phalaenopsis. GC-MS\/MS analysis revealed that the primary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in 10 fragrant Phalaenopsis cultivars are consistent. Terpenoids, alcohols, ketones, and esters collectively accounted for an average of 66.59% of the total VOCs across these 10 varieties. By performing metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses, we investigated the variation in 1532 VOCs in four different developmental stages of Phalaenopsis Formosa Sweet Memory. Metabolite analysis revealed that the levels of total volatiles, terpenoids, esters, and heterocyclic compounds were significantly upregulated during the flowering stages, and Linalool, \u03b2-Ocimene, and Methyl Benzoate were selected as key metabolites. While analyzing the correlation network between aroma components synthesis and differentially expressed genes, 33 key structural genes were detected and regulated by transcription factors. PAXXG356500_TPS, PAXXG333030_4CL, and PAXXG061420_SAM were key genes in the terpenoids and esters\u2019 biosynthetic pathway, and they were co-expressed with aroma release. In summary, this study characterized the key metabolic pathways involved in aroma formation in Phalaenopsis and constructed the corresponding transcriptional regulatory network. These results laid a theoretical foundation for the subsequent research on aroma of Phalaenopsis and genetic engineering technology breeding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14233682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T15:02:48Z","timestamp":1764774168000},"page":"3682","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Multi-Omics Analysis Unravels the Biosynthesis and Regulatory Mechanisms of Floral Scent Across Various Cultivars and Developmental Stages in Phalaenopsis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Huaiqin","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Crop Sciences, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Fujian Germplasm Resources Center)\/Fujian Engineering Research Center for Characteristic Floriculture, Fuzhou 350013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7869-837X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Crop Sciences, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Fujian Germplasm Resources Center)\/Fujian Engineering Research Center for Characteristic Floriculture, Fuzhou 350013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengyuan","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Crop Sciences, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Fujian Germplasm Resources Center)\/Fujian Engineering Research Center for Characteristic Floriculture, Fuzhou 350013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3510-4542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Crop Sciences, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Fujian Germplasm Resources Center)\/Fujian Engineering Research Center for Characteristic Floriculture, Fuzhou 350013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Crop Sciences, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Fujian Germplasm Resources Center)\/Fujian Engineering Research Center for Characteristic Floriculture, Fuzhou 350013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianshe","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Crop Sciences, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Fujian Germplasm Resources Center)\/Fujian Engineering Research Center for Characteristic Floriculture, Fuzhou 350013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronghui","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Crop Sciences, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Fujian Germplasm Resources Center)\/Fujian Engineering Research Center for Characteristic Floriculture, Fuzhou 350013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.13243","article-title":"Ecology and evolution of floral volatile-mediated information transfer in plants","volume":"206","author":"Schiestl","year":"2015","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.12314","article-title":"Floral volatiles: From biosynthesis to function","volume":"37","author":"Muhlemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2008.03446.x","article-title":"Biosynthesis of plant-derived flavor compounds","volume":"54","author":"Schwab","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1118510","article-title":"Biosynthesis of plant volatiles: Nature\u2019s diversity and ingenuity","volume":"311","author":"Pichersky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1093\/mp\/sss088","article-title":"New insights into plant isoprenoid metabolism","volume":"5","author":"Pulido","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. 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