{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:55:17Z","timestamp":1792180517256,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Governing Council of the Instituto de Estudios Albacetenses \u201cDon Juan Manuel\u201d of the Honorable Provincial Council of Albacete","award":["1199665C: SAY 10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1199665C: SAY 10"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fungal infections cause severe crop losses (15\u201360%) despite the use of antifungal agents, a problem exacerbated by climate change, population growth, and resistance. Regulatory restrictions on compounds like tebuconazole highlight the need for sustainable alternatives. This study evaluates the antifungal efficacy of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with Sideritis serrata extract (NPCH-SID) as an eco-friendly solution. The extract was obtained by freeze-drying and ethanol extraction, while NPCH-SID was synthesized via ionic gelation, achieving optimal size and encapsulation efficiency. In vitro assays revealed broad antifungal activity, with up to 156,140-fold improvement against Aspergillus brasiliensis compared to the free extract. Phytotoxicity tests on wheat seeds showed ~95% germination and enhanced root and shoot growth, confirming the safety and growth-promoting effect of this method. These findings position NPCH-SID as a promising tool for sustainable agriculture. Future work will assess its performance against additional pathogens under greenhouse and field conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14243757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T14:22:40Z","timestamp":1765376560000},"page":"3757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Chitosan Nanoparticles Loaded with Sideritis serrata Lag. Extract: A New Eco-Friendly Antifungal Agent for Sustainable Agriculture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Mond\u00e9jar-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Bot\u00e1nico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda Agroforestal y Gen\u00e9tica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s\/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3038-1994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Paz","family":"Garc\u00eda-Simarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Bot\u00e1nico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda Agroforestal y Gen\u00e9tica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s\/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4112-4750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Santiago-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jard\u00edn Bot\u00e1nico de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristi\u00e1n","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Fajardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Bot\u00e1nico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda Agroforestal y Gen\u00e9tica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s\/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4320-5722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Moreno-Gim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Bot\u00e1nico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda Agroforestal y Gen\u00e9tica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s\/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain"},{"name":"Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda Agron\u00f3mica y de Montes y Biotecnolog\u00eda (ETSIAMB), Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda Agroforestal y Gen\u00e9tica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s\/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4992-631X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"L\u00f3pez-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Bot\u00e1nico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda Agroforestal y Gen\u00e9tica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s\/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain"},{"name":"Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda Agron\u00f3mica y de Montes y Biotecnolog\u00eda (ETSIAMB), Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda Agroforestal y Gen\u00e9tica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s\/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9183-9319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oussama","family":"Ahrazem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Bot\u00e1nico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda Agroforestal y Gen\u00e9tica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s\/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain"},{"name":"Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda Agron\u00f3mica y de Montes y Biotecnolog\u00eda (ETSIAMB), Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda Agroforestal y Gen\u00e9tica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s\/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2586-4457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lourdes","family":"G\u00f3mez-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Bot\u00e1nico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda Agroforestal y Gen\u00e9tica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s\/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain"},{"name":"Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda Agroforestal y Gen\u00e9tica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s\/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2845-4509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique","family":"Niza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Bot\u00e1nico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda Agroforestal y Gen\u00e9tica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s\/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain"},{"name":"Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda Agroforestal y Gen\u00e9tica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s\/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.136030","article-title":"A review on the encapsulation of \u201ceco-friendly\u201d compounds in natural polymer-based nanoparticles as next generation nano-agrochemicals for sustainable agriculture and crop management","volume":"280","author":"Ahrazem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brauer, V.S., Rezende, C.P., Pessoni, A.M., De Paula, R.G., Rangappa, K.S., Nayaka, S.C., Gupta, V.K., and Almeida, F. (2019). Antifungal agents in agriculture: Friends and foes of public health. Biomolecules, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9100521"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1111\/jph.13021","article-title":"Tebuconazole resistance of Fusarium graminearum field populations from wheat in Henan Province","volume":"169","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phytopathol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168264","article-title":"A comprehensive review on toxicological mechanisms and transformation products of tebuconazole: Insights on pesticide management","volume":"908","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118815","article-title":"Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with garlic essential oil: A new alternative to tebuconazole as seed dressing agent","volume":"277","author":"Ahrazem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2023.113607","article-title":"Sideritis L. essential oils: A systematic review","volume":"209","author":"Chrysargyris","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mr\u00f3z, M., Malinowska-Pa\u0144czyk, E., Bartoszek, A., and Kusznierewicz, B. (2023). Comparative Study on Assisted Solvent Extraction Techniques for the Extraction of Biologically Active Compounds from Sideritis raeseri and Sideritis scardica. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28104207"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.117763","article-title":"Two novel eco-friendly seed dressing nano-antifungals based on pH-responsive dendritic silica nanoparticles coated with chitosan and polydopamine","volume":"13","author":"Genicio","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lammari, N., Louaer, O., Meniai, A.H., and Elaissari, A. (2020). Encapsulation of essential oils via nanoprecipitation process: Overview, progress, challenges and prospects. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12050431"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-021-03709-3","article-title":"Activity of Clove Oil and Chitosan Nanoparticles Incorporated PVA Nanocomposite Against Pythium aphanidermatum","volume":"194","author":"Jose","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapustov\u00e1, M., Granata, G., Napoli, E., Pu\u0161k\u00e1rov\u00e1, A., Bu\u010dkov\u00e1, M., Pangallo, D., and Geraci, C. (2021). Nanoencapsulated essential oils with enhanced antifungal activity for potential application on agri-food, material and environmental fields. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10010031"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Granata, G., Stracquadanio, S., Leonardi, M., Napoli, E., Malandrino, G., Cafiso, V., Stefani, S., and Geraci, C. (2021). Oregano and thyme essential oils encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles as effective antimicrobial agents against foodborne pathogens. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26134055"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.164","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of carvacrol and eugenol chitosan nanoparticles as eco-friendly preservative agents in cosmetics","volume":"206","author":"Ahrazem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.09.085","article-title":"Improving the antifungal activity of clove essential oil encapsulated by chitosan nanoparticles","volume":"275","author":"Hasheminejad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soltanzadeh, M., Peighambardoust, S.H., Ghanbarzadeh, B., Mohammadi, M., and Lorenzo, J.M. (2021). Chitosan nanoparticles as a promising nanomaterial for encapsulation of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel extract as a natural source of antioxidants. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11061439"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.159","article-title":"Chitosan coated-biogenic silver nanoparticles from wheat residues as green antifungal and nanoprimig in wheat seeds","volume":"225","author":"Ahrazem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-020-00738-0","article-title":"Characterization, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with nettle essential oil","volume":"15","author":"Bagheri","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Meas. Charact."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5675","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.13342","article-title":"Nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture: A double-edged sword","volume":"104","author":"Shukla","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"93","article-title":"Phytochemical Analysis and Assessment of the Antioxidant Activity and Cytotoxicity Potential of Hydroethanolic Extract of Bulgarian Sideritis Scardica","volume":"58","author":"Dobrikova","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Metall."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.02.031","article-title":"Two-step method for encapsulation of oregano essential oil in chitosan nanoparticles: Preparation, characterization and in vitro release study","volume":"95","author":"Hosseini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.137710","article-title":"Polysaccharide film containing cinnamaldehyde-chitosan nanoparticles, a new eco-packaging material effective in meat preservation","volume":"437","author":"Castillo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1007\/s40710-019-00392-9","article-title":"Water Distillation Extraction of Essential Oil from Sideritis Raeseri Herb","volume":"6","author":"Taraj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Process."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.4314\/tjpr.v17i4.14","article-title":"Identification of novel anticancer terpenoids from Prosopis juliflora (Sw) DC (Leguminosae) pods","volume":"17","author":"Malik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-024-05746-x","article-title":"Characterisation, antibacterial and antioxidant effects of mountain tea (Sideritis L.) mediated silver nanoparticles in preventing DNA damage","volume":"22","author":"Gur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6631","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10669-z","article-title":"OPEN FT-IR characteristics, phenolic profiles and inhibitory potential against digestive enzymes of 25 herbal infusions","volume":"12","author":"Wongsa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2012.04.016","article-title":"The pyrolysis mechanism of phenol formaldehyde resin","volume":"97","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54188","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA09899H","article-title":"Adsorption characterization of Pb(ii) ions onto iodate doped chitosan composite: Equilibrium and kinetic studies","volume":"5","author":"Gedam","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.117488","article-title":"Carbohydrate-based films containing pH-sensitive red barberry anthocyanins: Application as biodegradable smart food packaging materials","volume":"255","author":"Sani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-012-2807-3","article-title":"Thermal characterization of dried extract of medicinal plant by DSC and analytical techniques","volume":"113","author":"Fernandes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3941","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA12070B","article-title":"Antioxidative and antimicrobial edible chitosan films blended with stem, leaf and seed extracts of Pistacia terebinthus for active food packaging","volume":"8","author":"Kaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.035","article-title":"Evaluation of easy-removing antioxidant films of chitosan with Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil","volume":"186","author":"Antoniewska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2020.100545","article-title":"Production and characterization of chitosan-fungal extract films","volume":"35","author":"Koc","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2006.01.013","article-title":"Semi-interpenetrating polymer network microspheres of gelatin and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose for controlled release of ketorolac tromethamine","volume":"65","author":"Rokhade","year":"2006","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.127131","article-title":"PEI-coated PLA nanoparticles to enhance the antimicrobial activity of carvacrol","volume":"328","author":"Niza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2010.04.040","article-title":"The storage stability of chitosan\/tripolyphosphate nanoparticles in a phosphate buffer","volume":"84","author":"Tsai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e782","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00429-8","article-title":"Antifungal susceptibility testing: Applicability of methods and strategies for improving access in resource-constrained settings","volume":"24","author":"Kwizera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.25083\/rbl\/24.5\/798.806","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant and antifungal activities of several plants against agents of postharvest citrus sour rot and green mould rot","volume":"24","author":"Balkan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rom. Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.6.2474-2478.2005","article-title":"Mechanisms of antibacterial action of three monoterpenes","volume":"49","author":"Trombetta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2022.100217","article-title":"Terpenes and terpenoids as main bioactive compounds of essential oils, their roles in human health and potential application as natural food preservatives","volume":"13","author":"Masyita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahizan, N.A., Yang, S.K., Moo, C.L., Song, A.A.L., Chong, C.M., Chong, C.W., Abushelaibi, A., Erin Lim, S.H., and Lai, K.S. (2019). Terpene derivatives as a potential agent against antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pathogens. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24142631"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.172473","article-title":"Revolutionizing agriculture with nanotechnology: Innovative approaches in fungal disease management and plant health monitoring","volume":"928","author":"Nizamani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"100531","article-title":"Chitosan nanoparticle encapsulation of celery seed essential oil: Antifungal activity and defense mechanisms against cucumber powdery mildew","volume":"8","author":"Soleimani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmpp.2021.101714","article-title":"Antifungal activity of hydrocolloid nano encapsulated Carum copticum essential oil and Peganum harmala extract on the pathogenic fungi Alternaria alternata","volume":"116","author":"Izadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abd-Ellatif, S., Ibrahim, A.A., Safhi, F.A., Abdel Razik, E.S., Kabeil, S.S.A., Aloufi, S., Alyamani, A.A., Basuoni, M.M., ALshamrani, S.M., and Elshafie, H.S. (2022). Green Synthesized of Thymus vulgaris Chitosan Nanoparticles Induce Relative WRKY-Genes Expression in Solanum lycopersicum against Fusarium solani, the Causal Agent of Root Rot Disease. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11223129"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2020.106394","article-title":"Multifunctional coating composed of Eryngium campestre L. essential oil encapsulated in nano-chitosan to prolong the shelf-life of fresh cherry fruits","volume":"111","author":"Arabpoor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2022.102655","article-title":"Targeted delivery and controlled released of essential oils using nanoencapsulation: A review","volume":"303","author":"Weisany","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mond\u00e9jar-L\u00f3pez, M., L\u00f3pez-Jim\u00e9nez, A.J., Abad-Jord\u00e1, M., Rubio-Moraga, A., Ahrazem, O., G\u00f3mez-G\u00f3mez, L., and Niza, E. (2021). Biogenic silver nanoparticles from iris tuberosa as potential preservative in cosmetic products. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202106.0555.v1"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118335","article-title":"Bird exposure to fungicides through the consumption of treated seeds: A study of wild red-legged partridges in central Spain","volume":"292","author":"Mateo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12203","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c05316","article-title":"Chitin and Chitosan Fragments Responsible for Plant Elicitor and Growth Stimulator","volume":"68","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.167","article-title":"Chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles induced expression of pathogenesis-related proteins genes enhances biotic stress tolerance in tomato","volume":"125","author":"Chun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mond\u00e9jar-L\u00f3pez, M., L\u00f3pez-Jim\u00e9nez, A.J., G\u00f3mez-G\u00f3mez, L., Ahrazem, O., Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez, J.C., and Niza, E. (2024). Field Crop Evaluation of Polymeric Nanoparticles of Garlic Extract\u2013Chitosan as Biostimulant Seed Nano-Priming in Cereals and Transcriptomic Insights. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16233385"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kisiriko, M., Anastasiadi, M., Terry, L.A., Yasri, A., Beale, M.H., and Ward, J.L. (2021). Phenolics from medicinal and aromatic plants: Characterisation and potential as biostimulants and bioprotectants. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26216343"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/01448765.2014.964649","article-title":"Biostimulants and crop responses: A review","volume":"31","author":"Bulgari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Agric. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.140970","article-title":"New gel from a water-soluble Carboxymethyl chitosan-Cinnamaldehyde Schiff base derivative as an effective preservative against soft rot in ginger","volume":"461","author":"Ahrazem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/14\/24\/3757\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T14:38:56Z","timestamp":1765377536000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/14\/24\/3757"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["plants14243757"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants14243757","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]}}}