{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T17:41:29Z","timestamp":1785260489629,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Provincial Operational Funds Program for Research Institutes","award":["CZKYF2024-1-B010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZKYF2024-1-B010"]}]},{"name":"Heilongjiang Provincial Agricultural Sci-Tech Innovation Leapfrog Program","award":["CX23GG08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX23GG08"]}]},{"name":"Heilongjiang Province Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Leap Project Agricultural Science and Technology Basic Innovation Project","award":["CX25JC07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX25JC07"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Straw returning is a common agricultural practice that can enhance rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield in paddy systems. However, it also leads to a significant increase in greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). Fortunately, this negative impact can be mitigated by implementing enhanced oxygenation strategies during rice cultivation. This study explored the effects of various oxygenation measures on GHG under straw-returning conditions through controlled pot experiments. Six distinct treatments were applied. These included straw not returned (NR, no straw applied), straw returned (SR), controlled irrigation (CI), oxygenation irrigation (OI), application of oxygenated fertilizer (OF, CaO2), and use of biochar-based fertilizer (CF). All treatment groups, with the exception of the NR group, involved the return of straw to the field. Creating rice production methods that increase yield and decrease emissions is of great importance to agricultural ecology. We postulated that using aeration methods under straw return conditions would stabilize rice yield and reduce GHG. The experimental results were consistent with our hypothesis. The experiment evaluated multiple parameters, including rice yield, leaf photosynthetic performance, soil ammonium and nitrate nitrogen (N) levels, and greenhouse gas emissions. The findings revealed that different oxygenation approaches significantly promoted rice tillering. Oxygenation measures have been shown to enhance rice yield by 19% to 65%. The highest tiller numbers were observed in the SR (22.75) and CF (21.6) treatments. Among all treatments, the CF achieved the highest seed setting rate at 0.94, which was notably greater than that of the other treatments. Total plant biomass was also significantly higher in the straw returning treatment (109.36 g), surpassing all other treatments. In terms of soil nitrogen dynamics, the OF treatment resulted in the highest nitrate nitrogen content. Meanwhile, the ammonium nitrogen concentrations across the four oxygenation treatments (CI, OI, OF, CF) ranged from approximately 7 to 8.9 mg kg\u22121. Regarding GHG, the CF treatment exhibited the lowest methane emissions, which were 33% lower compared to the straw returning treatment. The OF led to a 22% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) relative to straw returning. Most notably, the CF reduced nitrous oxide emissions by 37% compared to the straw returning treatment. Overall, SR was found to substantially increase GHG. In contrast, all tested oxygenation measures\u2014CI, OI, OF, and CF\u2014were effective in suppressing GHG to varying degrees. Among these, the CF and OF demonstrated the most balanced and outstanding effects, both in reducing emissions and maintaining stable rice yields.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14243791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T12:52:31Z","timestamp":1765543951000},"page":"3791","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Through Straw Management and Oxygenated and Biochar-Based Fertilizers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Qi","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation & Utilization, Harbin 150086, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Northeast Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Feng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation & Utilization, Harbin 150086, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Northeast Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation & Utilization, Harbin 150086, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Northeast Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huichang","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Ecology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation & Utilization, Harbin 150086, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Northeast Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation & Utilization, Harbin 150086, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Northeast Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-Sheng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation & Utilization, Harbin 150086, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Northeast Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation & Utilization, Harbin 150086, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Northeast Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation & Utilization, Harbin 150086, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Northeast Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue-Jia","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation & Utilization, Harbin 150086, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Northeast Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Research on the Development History of China\u2019s Rice Seed Industry","volume":"11","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"China Seed Ind."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"21","article-title":"Situation and strategies of rice industry development in China","volume":"41","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Huazhong Agric. Univ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145896","article-title":"Turn the wheel from waste to wealth: Economic and environmental gain of sustainable rice straw management practices over field burning in reference to India","volume":"775","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Q., Gu, X., Wang, Y., Gao, H., Wang, X., Chen, X., and Sun, S. (2025). Impact of straw return on greenhouse gas emissions from maize fields in China: Meta-analysis. Front. Plant Sci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1493357"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17581","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-6927-3","article-title":"Crop residue management and fertilization effects on soil organic matter and associated biological properties","volume":"23","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"539","article-title":"Study on Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Winter Irrigated Fields in the Hilly Region of Sichuan","volume":"16","author":"Jiang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1003","article-title":"Research of tillage-cropping systems on CH4 and N2O emission from permanently flooded rice fields in a central Sichuan hilly area of southwest China","volume":"20","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"302","article-title":"Effects of years of straw return to soil on greenhouse gas emission in rice\/wheat rotation systems","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Eco-Agric."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2012.02.010","article-title":"Global warming potential of agricultural systems with contrasting tillage and residue management in the central highlands of Mexico","volume":"152","author":"Dendooven","year":"2012","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2014.08.001","article-title":"Effects of long-term straw incorporation on the net global warming potential and the net economic benefit in a rice\u2013wheat cropping system in China","volume":"197","author":"Xia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2113(05)88008-3","article-title":"Oxygation Unlocks Yield Potentials of Crops in Oxygen-Limited Soil Environments","volume":"Volume 88","author":"Bhattarai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Advances in Agronomy"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Dong, X. (2014). The Effects of Oxygation on Microorganism in the Rhizosphere Soil of Super Rice. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Hunan Agricultural University]."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"797","article-title":"Effects of Oxygenated Irrigation on Nutritional Characteristics of Cotton and Soil Fertility","volume":"55","author":"Rao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Pedol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"543","article-title":"Impact of Oxygenated on Soil Respiration and crop Physiological Characteristics in Pineapple","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Drain. Irrig. Mach. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"69","article-title":"Research Status and Progress of Oxygen-Boosted Irrigation Technology","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mod. Agric."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1503","article-title":"Effect of root aeration methods on rice yield and nitrogen utilization","volume":"22","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2021.105029","article-title":"Impact of tillage on the spatial distribution of CH4 and N2O in the soil profile of late rice fields","volume":"211","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, G., Liu, G., Zhang, Y., Ma, J., Xu, H., and Yagi, K. (2013). Methanogenic pathway and fraction of CH4 oxidized in paddy fields: Seasonal variation and effect of water management in winter fallow season. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073982"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1006.2016.01026","article-title":"Effects of Alternate Wetting and Drying Irrigation on Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Rice","volume":"42","author":"Chu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Agron. Sin."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"232","article-title":"Effects of rice straw biochar on CH4 and N2O emissions in alternating wetting and drying rice fields","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"2923","article-title":"CH4 and N2O Emission from Rice Field and Mitigation Options Based on Field Measurements in China: An Integration Analysis","volume":"43","author":"Shi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Agric. Sin."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"14","article-title":"CH4 and N2O Emission from Paddy Field in Cold Region is Impacted by Irrigation Methods","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Irrig. Drain."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"439","article-title":"Relations between aeration status and physical parameters of some selected Hungarian soils","volume":"14","author":"Stepniewski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. Agrophys."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/00380768.2017.1399044","article-title":"Evaluating the effects of alternate wetting and drying (AWD) on methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a paddy field in Thailand","volume":"64","author":"Chidthaisong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/00380768.2017.1415660","article-title":"Intercontinental comparison of greenhouse gas emissions from irrigated rice fields under feasible water management practices: Brazil and Japan","volume":"64","author":"Camargo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Wang, L. (2018). Study on the Effect of Slow-Release Calcium Peroxide on the Gleying Paddy Fields. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Hunan University]."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"321","article-title":"Research progress of the application of calcium peroxide in environmental remediation","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"642","article-title":"Effects of Biochar and Calcium Peroxide on the Emissions of CH4, CO2 and N2O in Upland Red Soil","volume":"28","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Resour. Environ. Yangtze Basin"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bekele, A.T., Maeda, M., Nakahara, N., Hashiguchi, A., Somura, H., Akao, S., Nakano, C., and Nishina, Y. (2025). Coupling effects of biochar and sediment microbial fuel cells on CH4 and CO2 emissions from straw-amended paddy soil. J. Soils Sediments.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-025-04133-4"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Su, Z., Wang, J., Jiang, T., and Zhou, N. (2025). Application of Calcium Peroxide for Methane Mitigation in Paddy Fields: Effects of Milk Vet alh (Astragalus sinicus L.) Incorporation. Agriculture, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture15050520"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.158911","article-title":"Innovative application of CaO2 in two-phase anaerobic digestion to enhance methane production from waste activated sludge: Condition optimization and mechanistic insights","volume":"504","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s44378-025-00065-0","article-title":"Application of biochar for soil erosion control and environmental management: Implications for achieving sustainable development goals","volume":"2","author":"Sharma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Soil"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1007\/s42729-024-01754-5","article-title":"Biochar Amendment Alleviates the Combined Effects of Salinity and Drought Stress on Water Productivity, Yield and Quality Traits of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.)","volume":"24","author":"Abdou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"54","article-title":"Effects of Biochar Application on Methane-producing and Oxidizing Bacteria in Water-saving Irrigation Paddy Fields","volume":"05","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Sav. Irrig."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"226","article-title":"Impact of biochar amendment on carbon emissions intensity in double rice field in South China","volume":"31","author":"Qin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"234","article-title":"Biochar input to reduce trace greenhouse gas emission in paddy field","volume":"30","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2025.2572301","article-title":"A review on soil amendments for cadmium sequestration and methane emission reduction in paddy soils","volume":"55","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau9038","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aau9038","article-title":"Acclimation of methane emissions from rice paddy fields to straw addition","volume":"5","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23949","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c06837","article-title":"Co-benefits of Water-Saving Irrigation for Mitigating CH4 Emissions from Rice Cultivation in China: Insights from the Past Seven Decades","volume":"59","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70472","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70472","article-title":"Activation Energy of Organic Matter Decomposition in Soil and Consequences of Global Warming","volume":"31","author":"Filimonenko","year":"2025","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"295","article-title":"Effects of Straw Returning Methods on Soil Characteristics and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Paddy Fields and Their Regulation Through Water-fertilizer Interactions","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rice Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2019.06.003","article-title":"Soil organic matter priming and carbon balance after straw addition is regulated by long-term fertilization","volume":"135","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2018.10.009","article-title":"Effects of ridge\u2013furrow mulching on soil CO2 efflux in a maize field in the Chinese Loess Plateau","volume":"264","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agr. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"2348","article-title":"Effects of Aeration on Surface Water Nutrient Dynamics and Greenhouse Gas Emission in Different Straw Returning Paddy Fields","volume":"44","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1781","article-title":"Key production processes and influencing factors of nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils","volume":"25","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-019-02276-6","article-title":"A newly isolated and rapid denitrifier Pseudomonas citronellolis WXP-4: Difference in N2O emissions under aerobic and anaerobic conditions","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8026","DOI":"10.1007\/s42729-025-02652-0","article-title":"N2O Concentration and Nitrogen-Cycling Functional Genes as Affected by Alternate Wetting and Drying Irrigation","volume":"25","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Soil. Sci. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"181","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) Irrigation Effects on Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions Across Different Climates and Soil Types","volume":"2","author":"Rafy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ecol. Biol. Agric."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2025.104475","article-title":"Biennial biochar application mitigates N2O emissions in saline\u2013alkali soils by modulating microbial communities and metabolic pathways","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.134304","article-title":"Biochar application with reduced chemical fertilizers improves soil pore structure and rice productivity","volume":"298","author":"An","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"312","article-title":"The Research Progress of Relationship between of rice Grain Size and Quality","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. China Agric."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2024.109399","article-title":"Reduction of chemical phosphate fertilizer application in a rice\u2013rapeseed cropping system through continuous straw return","volume":"312","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2019.01.012","article-title":"Impact of biochar on water retention of two agricultural soils\u2014A multi-scale analysis","volume":"340","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"1","article-title":"Research Progress on Response of Rice Root Morphology and Physiology to Alternate Wetting and Drying Irrigation","volume":"06","author":"Fa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crops"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1467","article-title":"Effects of different coated slow-release calcium peroxide on microbial characteristics of gleyed paddy soil","volume":"31","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2022.108800","article-title":"Effects of long-term straw returning on rice yield and soil properties and bacterial community in a rice-wheat rotation system","volume":"291","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1071\/FP17232","article-title":"Improved leaf nitrogen reutilisation and Rubisco activation under short-term nitrogen-deficient conditions promotes photosynthesis in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at the seedling stage","volume":"45","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Funct. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/ery366","article-title":"The nitrogen cost of photosynthesis","volume":"70","author":"Evans","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valverde, J.C., Rubilar, R.A., Medina, A., Pincheira, M., Emhart, V., Espinoza, Y., Bozo, D., and Campoe, O.C. (2025). Transpiration and Water Use Efficiency of Mediterranean Eucalyptus Genotypes Under Contrasting Irrigation Regimes. Plants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14142232"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2492","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.70248","article-title":"A novel approach for detecting molecular O2 at the subcellular level in plants","volume":"247","author":"Pedersen","year":"2025","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Han, Y., Luo, S., Rong, X., Song, H., Jiang, N., Li, C., and Yang, L. (2022). Calcium peroxide alleviates the waterlogging stress of rapeseed by improving root growth status in a rice-rape rotation field. Front. Plant Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.1048227"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4878","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04966-1","article-title":"Seed Pelleting with Calcium Peroxide Improves Crop Establishment of Direct-seeded Rice under Waterlogging Conditions","volume":"7","author":"Mei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163968","article-title":"The potential of biochar as a microbial carrier for agricultural and environmental applications","volume":"886","author":"Bolan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"115","article-title":"Transpiration-use efficiency of young cactus pear plants (Opuntia ficus-indica L.)","volume":"48","author":"Kremer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Agric. Nat. Resour."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Li, J., Jiao, X., Li, H., An, Y., and Liu, K. (2020). Effects of Straw Returning Combine with Biochar on Water Quality under Flooded Condition. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12061633"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"167","article-title":"Effects of soil aeration methods on soil nitrogen transformation, rice nitrogen utilization and yield","volume":"33","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"17","article-title":"Effects of Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Combined with Oxygenation on Soil Organic Matter Transformation Efficiency and Tobacco Yield and Quality","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. Tob. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Hu, J. (2023). Study on the Effect of Deep Aeration Cultivation Technology on Methane Emission Reduction and Yield. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Huazhong Agricultural University]."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"116","article-title":"Effects of Calcium Peroxide Application on Yield and Greenhouse Gas Emissions under Full-Rate Straw Returning in a Double Rice-Cropping System","volume":"1","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crops"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"198","article-title":"Effects of Straw Return Rate on Soil Reducing Substances and Rice Growth Under Different Soil Conditions","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rice Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8200","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-8500-0","article-title":"Effects of maize stover and its derived biochar on greenhouse gases emissions and C-budget of brown earth in Northeast China","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2017.02.001","article-title":"Effects of maize stover and its biochar on soil CO2 emissions and labile organic carbon fractions in Northeast China","volume":"240","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.09.001","article-title":"Beneficial effect of compost utilization on reducing greenhouse gas emissions in a rice cultivation system through the overall management chain","volume":"613\u2013614","author":"Jeong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/14\/24\/3791\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T13:00:39Z","timestamp":1765544439000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/14\/24\/3791"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["plants14243791"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants14243791","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]}}}