{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T15:48:59Z","timestamp":1792856939997,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Senna petersiana (Bolle) Lock is a chemically diverse plant widely recognized for its ethnomedicinal applications across various traditional medical systems. It is native to and widely distributed in African countries, including Ethiopia, Cameroon, and South Africa. This review integrates the phytochemical composition, biological activities, and toxicological effects of S. petersiana. Phytochemical analyses reveal the presence of numerous classes of compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, anthraquinones, chromones, and sterol glycosides, with variations in concentration across different plant parts. Quantitative studies highlight particularly high levels of phenolics and flavonoids in ethanol, methanol, and acetone extracts, correlating these with enhanced biological activities. Pharmacological investigations demonstrate a spectrum of activities, including antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anthelmintic, and anticancer effects, supporting many of the plant\u2019s traditional uses. Toxicological assessments suggest relative safety at moderate doses, though further evaluation is necessary for specific cell types and high-dose exposures. Despite the promising bioactivities, the mechanisms of action and in vivo efficacy of isolated compounds remain underexplored. Future research should focus on bioassay-guided isolation, detailed pharmacodynamic studies, and comprehensive toxicological profiling to validate and harness the therapeutic potential of S. petersiana. This review highlights the plant\u2019s biochemical complexity and paves the way for its development as a valuable phytopharmaceutical agent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14243800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T13:32:37Z","timestamp":1765805557000},"page":"3800","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Senna petersiana (Bolle) Lock: A Review of Its Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Activities, and Toxicological Profile"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Talita Jessica","family":"Mnisi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Biotechnology, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mashilo Mash","family":"Matotoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Biotechnology, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8076-083X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Masoko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Biotechnology, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.30574\/gscarr.2024.18.3.0094","article-title":"Exploring herbal medicine regulation in Nigeria: Balancing traditional practices with modern standards","volume":"18","author":"Eruaga","year":"2024","journal-title":"GSC Adv. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fayiah, M., Fayiah, M.S., Saccoh, S., and Kallon, M.K. (2023). Value of herbal medicine to sustainable development. Herbal Medicine Phytochemistry: Applications and Trends, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-21973-3_32-1"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.54660\/IJMBHR.2022.3.1.63-71","article-title":"Novel phytochemicals in traditional medicine: Isolation and pharmacological profiling of bioactive compounds","volume":"3","author":"Ogbuagu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. All Body Health Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Izah, S.C., Joshua, M.T., Torru, K.E., Ngun, C.T., Ogwu, M.C., and Hait, M. (2024). Antimicrobial resistance and the role of herbal medicine: Challenges, opportunities, and future prospects. Herbal Medicine Phytochemistry: Applications and Trends, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-43199-9_71"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6025900","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6025900","article-title":"A review of recent studies on the antioxidant and anti-infectious properties of Senna plants","volume":"2022","author":"Butnariu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ethnobotany of some members of the genus Cassia (Senna)","volume":"10","author":"Osunga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Novel Res. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2020.11.017","article-title":"The genus Senna (Fabaceae): A review on its traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology","volume":"138","author":"Oladeji","year":"2021","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2025.03.001","article-title":"Senna petersiana (Bolle) leaf alkaloid-rich extracts exert cytotoxic and photodynamic activities in MCF-7 breast cancer cells","volume":"180","author":"Olofinsan","year":"2025","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.4103\/2221-1691.350178","article-title":"Senna petersiana inhibits key digestive enzymes and modulates dysfunctional enzyme activities in oxidative pancreatic injury","volume":"12","author":"Olofinsan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3923\/rjphyto.2007.40.45","article-title":"Dihydronaphtalenone and chromone from Cassia petersiana Bolle and the antisalmonellal activity of its crude extract","volume":"1","author":"Gatsing","year":"2007","journal-title":"Res. J. Phytochem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115998","article-title":"Senna petersiana (Bolle) leaf extract modulates glycemic homeostasis and improves dysregulated enzyme activities in fructose-fed streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"303","author":"Olofinsan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Raimondo, D., van Staden, L., Foden, W., Victor, J., Helme, N., Turner, R., Kamundi, D., and Manyama, P. (2009). Red List of South African Plants 2009, South African National Biodiversity Institute."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114663","article-title":"Ethnobotanical, phytochemical, toxicology and anti-diabetic potential of Senna occidentalis (L.) Link: A review","volume":"283","author":"Nde","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"35","article-title":"Phytochemical and pharmacological appraisal of Cassia angustifolia Vahl. (Syn.: Senna alexandrina Mill.)","volume":"2","author":"Bhakshu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytochemical Composition and Pharmacy of Medicinal Plants"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.26679\/Pleione.13.2.2019.258-268","article-title":"Ethnomedicinal uses of some legumes in Tripura, India","volume":"13","author":"Kar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pleione"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1241","article-title":"Ethanobotanical survey and traditional uses of medicinal plants in Jind district of Haryana, India","volume":"19","author":"Rani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Arch."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.30848\/PJB2019-2(31)","article-title":"Medicinal plant diversity used for livelihood of public health in deserts and arid regions of Sindh-Pakistan","volume":"51","author":"Yaseen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pak. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sutjaritjai, N., Wangpakapattanawong, P., Balslev, H., and Inta, A. (2019). Traditional uses of Leguminosae among the Karen in Thailand. Plants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants8120600"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Van Wyk, B.V., Oudtshoorn, B.V., and Gericke, N. (1997). Medicinal Plants of South Africa, Briza Publications."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maroyi, A. (2023). Medicinal uses of the Fabaceae family in Zimbabwe: A review. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12061255"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2021.10.016","article-title":"Ethnobotanical assessment of medicinal plants used traditionally for treating diabetes in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa","volume":"146","author":"Mudau","year":"2022","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e05746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05746","article-title":"Ethnobotanical study of plants used by the traditional healers to treat malaria in Mogovolas District, northern Mozambique","volume":"6","author":"Manuel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4679","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.8472","article-title":"The synergistic potential of various teas, herbs and therapeutic drugs in health improvement: A review","volume":"97","author":"Malongane","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"35","article-title":"Effect of organic manures, biofertilizers and inorganic fertilizers on growth and yield of Senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.)","volume":"28","author":"Kayina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Life Sci. Leafl."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.05.002","article-title":"Cassiae semen, a seed of Cassia obtusifolia, has neuroprotective effects in Parkinson\u2019s disease models","volume":"48","author":"Ju","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.06.037","article-title":"Inhibitory activities of major anthraquinones and other constituents from Cassia obtusifolia against \u03b2-secretase and cholinesterases","volume":"191","author":"Jung","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"31","article-title":"Effect of oral administration of aqueous leaves extract of Cassia occidentalis on liver and kidney functions in rats","volume":"5","author":"Tanimu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bayero J. Pure Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1934578X0600101109","article-title":"Antitumor and immunostimulatory activity of two chromones and other constituents from Cassia petersiana","volume":"1","author":"Djemgou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)00017-0","article-title":"Structure and synthesis of the first procassinidin dimers based on epicatechin, and gallo- and epigallo-catechin","volume":"53","author":"Coetzee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selogatwe, K.M., Asong, J.A., Struwig, M., Ndou, R.V., and Aremu, A.O. (2021). A review of ethnoveterinary knowledge, biological activities and secondary metabolites of medicinal woody plants used for managing animal health in South Africa. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8100228"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00912019","DOI":"10.1590\/2175-7860202071051","article-title":"Phytochemical screening and biological assays of ethanolic leaf extract of Senna rugosa","volume":"71","author":"Cunha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rodrigu\u00e9sia"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.07.022","article-title":"In vitro anti-Neisseria gonorrhoeae activity of Senna podocarpa root extracts","volume":"76","author":"Malmir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.10.007","article-title":"Evaluation of antidiabetic activity of bud and flower of Avaram Senna (Cassia auriculata L.) in high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"108","author":"Nambirajan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8405957","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8405957","article-title":"The chemical profile of Senna velutina leaves and their antioxidant and cytotoxic effects","volume":"2016","author":"Campos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4269-8-1","article-title":"Ethnomedicinal study of plants used in villages around Kimboza Forest Reserve in Morogoro, Tanzania","volume":"8","author":"Amri","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"230","article-title":"(-)-7-hydroxycassine: A new 2,6-dialkylpiperidin-3-ol alkaloid and other constituents isolated from flowers and fruits of Senna spectabilis (Fabaceae)","volume":"24","author":"Viegas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Braz. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1021\/np0303963","article-title":"Further bioactive piperidine alkaloids from the flowers and green fruits of Cassia spectabilis","volume":"67","author":"Viegas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"291","article-title":"A review on Cassia species: Pharmacological, traditional and medicinal aspects in various countries","volume":"1","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Phytomed. Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"24","article-title":"Medicinal significance of Alexandrian Senna","volume":"8","author":"Abbas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/S0367-326X(00)00155-6","article-title":"Constituents of Cassia laevigata","volume":"71","author":"Jones","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s13002-015-0046-y","article-title":"Medicinal plants sold in the markets of Antananarivo, Madagascar","volume":"11","author":"Randriamiharisoa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Tshikalange, T.E. (2002). The Traditional Use of Medicinal Plants to Treat Sexually Transmitted Diseases, University of Pretoria."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2015.03.046","article-title":"The traditional use of plants to manage candidiasis and related infections in Venda, South Africa","volume":"168","author":"Masevhe","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mongalo, N.I., and Raletsena, M.V. (2023). Fabaceae: South African medicinal plant species used in the treatment and management of sexually transmitted and related opportunistic infections associated with HIV-AIDS. Data, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/data8110160"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2014.01.026","article-title":"Isolation, purification and characterization of galactomannans as an excipient from Senna tora seeds","volume":"65","author":"Pawar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1159\/000139654","article-title":"The Senna drug and its chemistry","volume":"47","author":"Franz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.01.029","article-title":"Extract and fraction of Cassia occidentalis L. (a synonym of Senna occidentalis) have osteogenic effect and prevent glucocorticoid-induced osteopenia","volume":"235","author":"Pal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/S0367-326X(00)00200-8","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of Fabaceae species used in Yucatan traditional medicine","volume":"71","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.010","article-title":"Medicinal plants in Baskoure, Kourittenga Province, Burkina Faso: An ethnobotanical study","volume":"133","author":"Nadembega","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.3923\/jm.2007.876.880","article-title":"Antisalmonellal activity and phytochemical screening of the various parts of Cassia petersiana Bolle (Caesalpiniaceae)","volume":"2","author":"Gatsing","year":"2007","journal-title":"Res. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243438","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/1243438","article-title":"Phytochemical content, antibacterial activity, and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic effects of traditional medicinal plants against respiratory tract bacterial pathogens","volume":"2023","author":"Matotoka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ovae080","DOI":"10.1093\/lambio\/ovae080","article-title":"Antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-biofilm activities of selected indigenous plant species against nosocomial bacterial pathogens","volume":"77","author":"Mnisi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2013.09.003","article-title":"Evaluating the effect of storage on the biological activity and chemical composition of three South African medicinal plants","volume":"88","author":"Laher","year":"2013","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2010.04.009","article-title":"In vitro pharmacological evaluation and phenolic content of ten South African medicinal plants used as anthelmintics","volume":"76","author":"Aremu","year":"2010","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.22159\/ijpps.2018v10i2.22950","article-title":"Comparative quantitative phytochemical analysis of the leaves of Senna italica collected from different areas in Limpopo Province, South Africa","volume":"10","author":"Gololo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-8130(96)81854-X","article-title":"Polysaccharides from the seeds of Senna multijuga","volume":"17","author":"Rechia","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3923\/rjmp.2007.65.71","article-title":"An antisalmonellal agent and a new dihydroanthracenone from Cassia petersiana","volume":"1","author":"Djemgou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Res. J. Med. Plant"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"259","article-title":"In silico studies of four anthraquinones of Senna alata L. as potential antifungal compounds","volume":"2","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacologyonline"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)94783-6","article-title":"Anthraquinones from Senna multiglandulosa","volume":"35","author":"Abegaz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"1900","article-title":"Antimalarial activity of piperidine alkaloids from Senna spectabilis and semisynthetic derivatives","volume":"25","author":"Pivatto","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Braz. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/S0367-326X(00)00152-0","article-title":"Cassine, an antimicrobial alkaloid from Senna racemosa","volume":"71","author":"Quijano","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2007-5-622","article-title":"Anticancer and immunostimulatory activity of chromones and other constituents from Cassia petersiana","volume":"62","author":"Djemgou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Z. Naturforsch. C"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"1511","article-title":"Characterization and quantitation of polyphenolic compounds in Senna gardneri and S. georgica from the northeast of Brazil","volume":"13","author":"Maia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Com."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1021\/np980195c","article-title":"Flavonol glycosides from Cassia hirsuta","volume":"62","author":"Rao","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2019.1582541","article-title":"Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of seven predominant terpenoids","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2011.10643995","article-title":"Volatile constituents, antimicrobial and cytotoxicity potentials of three Senna species from Nigeria","volume":"14","author":"Essien","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"1872","article-title":"Chemical profile and cytotoxic activity of leaf extracts from Senna spp. from northeast Brazil","volume":"27","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Braz. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"1141","article-title":"Identification of phytochemical constituents within the n-hexane leaf extract of Senna italica (Mill) using gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS) analysis","volume":"8","author":"Gololo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"155","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of selected fatty acids and their derivatives","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ.-Agric. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2005.08.003","article-title":"Emodin, an antibacterial anthraquinone from the roots of Cassia occidentalis","volume":"72","author":"Chukwujekwu","year":"2006","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"29","article-title":"Pharmacological profile of Cassia occidentalis L.\u2014A review","volume":"5","author":"Vijayalakshmi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"135","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of stigmasterol and \u03b2-sitosterol from Cassia sieberiana (Fabaceae) leaf extract","volume":"45","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Niger."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13765-024-00899-2","article-title":"Exploring the medicinal potential of Senna siamea roots: An integrated study of antibacterial and antioxidant activities, phytochemical analysis, ADMET profiling, and molecular docking insights","volume":"67","author":"Gebrehiwot","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0000000000000658","article-title":"Investigation of the anti-inflammatory effects of stigmasterol in mice: Insight into its mechanism of action","volume":"32","author":"Morgan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200900012","article-title":"\u03b2-Sitosterol exhibits anti-inflammatory activity in human aortic endothelial cells","volume":"54","author":"Loizou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14550","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51130-y","article-title":"Glycerol monolaurate contributes to the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of human milk","volume":"9","author":"Schlievert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Yi, Y., Wu, J., Yang, Q., Tan, B., and Chi, S. (2022). Effects of plant-derived glycerol monolaurate (GML) additive on the antioxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory ability, muscle nutritional value, and intestinal flora of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus\u2640 \u00d7 Epinephelus lanceolatus\u2642). Metabolites, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12111089"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.09.057","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity, toxicity and the isolation of a bioactive compound from plants used to treat sexually transmitted diseases","volume":"96","author":"Tshikalange","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"17","article-title":"Luteolin isolate from the methanol extract identified as the single-carbon compound responsible for broad antiulcer activities of Cassia singueana leaves","volume":"4","author":"Ode","year":"2014","journal-title":"IOSR J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1021\/np9904152","article-title":"Luteolin, a compound with adenosine A1 receptor-binding activity, and chromone and dihydronaphthalenone constituents from Senna siamea","volume":"63","author":"Ingkaninan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"1","article-title":"Luteolin and kaempferol from Cassia alata: Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of its methanolic extracts","volume":"4","author":"Wahab","year":"2014","journal-title":"FUUAST J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jambwa, P., Makhubu, F.N., Matope, G., Fouche, G., and McGaw, L.J. (2022). Bioassay-guided fractionation of Senna singueana and its potential for development of poultry phytogenic feed additives. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.800272"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01054-w","article-title":"ESKAPE pathogens: Antimicrobial resistance, epidemiology, clinical impact and therapeutics","volume":"22","author":"Miller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2022.105221","article-title":"Antibacterial activity and action mechanism of flavonoids against phytopathogenic bacteria","volume":"188","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tagousop, C.N., Tamokou, J.D.D., Ekom, S.E., Ngnokam, D., and Voutquenne-Nazabadioko, L. (2018). Antimicrobial activities of flavonoid glycosides from Graptophyllum grandulosum and their mechanism of antibacterial action. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-018-2321-7"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nyambo, K., Adu-Amankwaah, F., Tapfuma, K.I., Baatjies, L., Julius, L., Smith, L., Ngxande, M., Govender, K., Mabasa, L., and Traore, A. (2023). In-silico and in-vitro assessments of some Fabaceae, Rhamnaceae, Apocynaceae, and Anacardiaceae species against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and triple-negative breast cancer cells. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-023-04041-5"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"198","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of Senna alata and Phyllanthus amarus","volume":"7","author":"Ogunjobi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"42","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of Senna siamea leaf extracts on Salmonella typhi","volume":"2","author":"Doughari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Afr. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caicedo, J.C., Villamizar, S., and Ferro, J.A. (2017). Quorum sensing, its role in virulence and symptomatology in bacterial citrus canker. Citrus Pathology, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/66721"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uru\u00e9n, C., Chopo-Escuin, G., Tommassen, J., Mainar-Jaime, R.C., and Arenas, J. (2020). Biofilms as promoters of bacterial antibiotic resistance and tolerance. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10010003"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3013","article-title":"Anti-virulence strategies to combat bacteria-mediated disease","volume":"9","author":"Rasko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NP00053A","article-title":"The action of phytochemicals in biofilm control","volume":"40","author":"Borges","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"464","article-title":"The susceptibility of Escherichia coli biofilms to various extracts of Senna siamea plant","volume":"6","author":"Usman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Res. Sci. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-024-04073-9","article-title":"Green synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles using Cassia fistula leaf extract: Evaluation of antimicrobial, antioxidant, antibiofilm, and cytotoxic activities","volume":"14","author":"Ganesan","year":"2024","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.4103\/pm.pm_315_20","article-title":"Senna alexandriana Mill as a potential inhibitor for quorum sensing-controlled virulence factors and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1","volume":"16","author":"Kalia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Mag."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-023-03562-9","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species, toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: Chronic diseases and aging","volume":"97","author":"Jomova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1831","article-title":"The role of plant-derived natural antioxidants in reduction of oxidative stress","volume":"48","author":"Akbari","year":"2022","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hilmi, Y., Abushama, M.F., Abdalgadir, H., Khalid, A., and Khalid, H. (2014). A study of antioxidant activity, enzymatic inhibition and in vitro toxicity of selected traditional Sudanese plants with anti-diabetic potential. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-14-149"},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"1","article-title":"Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial and radical scavenging activity of Senna siamea (Lam.)","volume":"12","author":"Akarsh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"981","article-title":"Total phenolic, flavonoid contents and antioxidant assays in leaf extracts of Senna alata (L.) Roxb","volume":"8","author":"Pamulaparthi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"199","article-title":"Total phenolic content, antioxidant and anticancer activities of four species of Senna Mill. from northeast Brazil","volume":"6","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silvestrini, B., and Silvestrini, M. (2022). Medical implications of the relationships among protein denaturation, necrosis and inflammation: An intriguing story. Tendons\u2014Trauma, Inflammation, Degeneration, and Treatment, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.108018"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crbiot.2023.100152","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of phytochemicals from medicinal plants and their nanoparticles: A review","volume":"6","author":"Gonfa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.9734\/ajrb\/2025\/v15i2365","article-title":"Assessment of in vitro anti-inflammatory activity: A comprehensive review of methods, advantages, and limitations","volume":"15","author":"Peiris","year":"2025","journal-title":"Asian J. Res. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dehelean, C.A., Marcovici, I., Soica, C., Mioc, M., Coricovac, D., Iurciuc, S., Cretu, O.M., and Pinzaru, I. (2021). Plant-derived anticancer compounds as new perspectives in drug discovery and alternative therapy. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26041109"},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"104","article-title":"Anticancer potential of plants and natural products","volume":"1","author":"Prakash","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3012","DOI":"10.1021\/cr900019j","article-title":"Impact of natural products on developing new anticancer agents","volume":"109","author":"Cragg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8074306","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8074306","article-title":"Bioactivity and toxicity of Senna cana and Senna pendula extracts","volume":"2018","author":"Monteiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2019.112081","article-title":"Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of Senna and Cassia species (Fabaceae) extracts","volume":"148","author":"Martins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6405415","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/6405415","article-title":"Phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity, and acute toxicity evaluation of Senna italica extract used in traditional medicine","volume":"2023","author":"Towanou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Toxicol."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/14\/24\/3800\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T05:15:26Z","timestamp":1766034926000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/14\/24\/3800"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["plants14243800"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants14243800","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]}}}