{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T08:32:24Z","timestamp":1791621144382,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2021QC228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021QC228"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key R&D Program of Shandong Province, China","award":["2022LZGCQY005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022LZGCQY005"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFD1201504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD1201504"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) is a globally important leafy vegetable, but functional genomics research on its recalcitrance to Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation is severely limited. In this study, we demonstrate that both Agrobacterium infection and antibiotic selection significantly inhibit cotyledonary petiole regeneration, representing one principal bottleneck to high-throughput transformation. Infection with different Agrobacterium strains suppressed the regenerated shoot per explant by 30.98\u201369.16%. Supplying the salicylic acid signaling inhibitor tenoxicam in the seed germination medium raised post-infection regeneration by up to 37.90%. Compared with non-infected controls, the optimal NAA concentration for explant regeneration after infection was higher, and 0.5 mg\/L increased post-infection regeneration by 27.66%. Replacing antibiotic selectable markers with the visual reporter eYGFPuv or RUBY eliminated phytotoxicity, reduced false-positive shoots, and further elevated transformation efficiency to 19.33\u201320.00% (versus 2.67\u20136.67% under antibiotic selection). The integrated protocol yielded stable RUBY overexpressing lines, the biomass of which declined with rising transcript levels. Restricting RUBY expression to the inner head leaves generated a novel germplasm with less yield penalty. This work provides a high-efficiency transformation method that will accelerate gene discovery and genome editing in Chinese cabbage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14243802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T13:32:37Z","timestamp":1765805557000},"page":"3802","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Enhanced Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation in Chinese Cabbage via Tenoxicam, Phytohormone Optimization, and Visual Reporters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Shubin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Bulk Open-Field Vegetable Breeding, Institute of Vegetables, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuantao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Bulk Open-Field Vegetable Breeding, Institute of Vegetables, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronghua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Bulk Open-Field Vegetable Breeding, Institute of Vegetables, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhigang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Bulk Open-Field Vegetable Breeding, Institute of Vegetables, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nianfang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Bulk Open-Field Vegetable Breeding, Institute of Vegetables, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiaoyun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Bulk Open-Field Vegetable Breeding, Institute of Vegetables, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhizhong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Bulk Open-Field Vegetable Breeding, Institute of Vegetables, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molp.2018.08.006","article-title":"A Genomic Variation Map Provides Insights into the Genetic Basis of Spring Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) Selection","volume":"11","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. 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