{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:03:20Z","timestamp":1787029400654,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003787","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["D2023205005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D2023205005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["40971118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["40971118"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Desert plants develop unique functional traits and resource utilization strategies under environmental stress, among which, water and nitrogen utilization strategies are the key resource utilization strategies for desert plants. Research on plant water and nitrogen utilization and leaf functional traits has rarely involved high-altitude desert shrubs. The synergistic or trade-off relationship between water and nitrogen utilization in desert shrubs remains unclear, and the variation patterns of leaf functional trait combinations related to water and nitrogen utilization along environmental gradients urgently need to be studied. This study takes the typical desert shrubs in the eastern part of the Qaidam Basin on the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau in China as the research object, selects the stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes (\u03b413C, \u03b415N) of plant leaves to characterize the water use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen use strategy (NUE) of plants, explores the main leaf functional traits related to water and nitrogen utilization, and analyzes the relationship between leaf functional traits and environmental factors. The results show that the resource utilization traits of desert shrubs can be divided into two groups: water and carbon utilization centered on \u03b413C and nutrient utilization centered on \u03b415N. There are synergistic or trade-off relationships among plant functional traits. There is a trade-off relationship between water and nitrogen utilization in plants. The leaf functional traits related to water and nitrogen utilization in plants form a \u201cwater and nitrogen utilization leaf economic spectrum\u201d along the gradients of temperature, drought, salinity, and nutrients. In conclusion, desert plants adapt to the environment of high cold, drought, high salt content, and limited nutrients by adjusting the relevant leaf functional traits. This study combines the stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes of plant leaves with the combined characteristics of leaf functional traits under different environmental gradients, providing a new perspective for understanding the water and nitrogen utilization strategies of high-altitude desert shrubs and their adaptation mechanisms to arid environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14243828","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T11:00:26Z","timestamp":1765882826000},"page":"3828","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Water and Nitrogen Use Strategies and Their Influencing Mechanisms in Typical Desert Shrubs of the Qaidam Basin, Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yunhao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Ecological Construction, Hebei Technology Innovation Center for Remote Sensing Identification of Environmental Change, School of Geographical Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6967-0318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Ecological Construction, Hebei Technology Innovation Center for Remote Sensing Identification of Environmental Change, School of Geographical Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2024.108140","article-title":"Climate change and its ecological risks are spatially heterogeneous in high-altitude region: The case of Qinghai-Tibet plateau","volume":"243","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15515-2","article-title":"Accelerated dryland expansion regulates future variability in dryland gross primary production","volume":"11","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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