{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:02:43Z","timestamp":1787029363467,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004564","name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["451-03-137\/2025-03\/200178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-137\/2025-03\/200178"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004564","name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["451-03-65\/2024-03\/200122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-65\/2024-03\/200122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004564","name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004564","name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200178"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. (rosemary) is a medicinal and aromatic plant of notable pharmacological value. This study evaluated the therapeutic properties of rosemary leaves collected from two Serbian continental (L1, L2) and one Montenegrin Mediterranean (L3) locations, harvested in November (N), March (M), and July (J). Extracts prepared with 70% methanol, 70% ethanol, and water were analyzed for chemical composition and biological activity. L3 extracts exhibited the highest polyphenolic content, with L3M methanolic extract showing the greatest total phenolic (134.60 mg GAE\/g) and phenolic acid levels (211.96 mg CAE\/g), and L3M ethanolic extract the highest flavonoid content (25.54 mg QE\/g). LC\/MS analysis identified 28 previously unreported compounds in Rosmarinus sp. extracts, revealing hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and flavonoid O-glycosides as the main constituents in S. rosmarinus. The alcoholic extracts were rich in 1,8-cineole, camphor, borneol, terpinen-4-ol, and verbenone. L3 extracts demonstrated the strongest antioxidant and enzyme-inhibitory activities, often surpassing positive controls. L3J showed pronounced cytotoxicity against HCT-116 colorectal cancer cells (IC50 = 13.08 \u00b5g\/mL after 24 h incubation), while showing non-cytotoxic effects on normal human keratinocytes (IC50 &gt; 500 \u00b5g\/mL). Finally, rosmarinic acid alone synergistically enhanced the cytotoxic effect of 5-fluorouracil (combination index &lt; 0.8). This comprehensive study highlights the influence of geography, season, and solvent on phytochemical profile and bioactivity of rosemary extracts, emphasizing the therapeutic potential of distinct rosemary populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15010001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T08:26:36Z","timestamp":1766132796000},"page":"1","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Therapeutic Potential of Salvia rosmarinus: Seasonal and Geographical Variation in Phytochemical Composition, Bioactivity, and Synergistic Effects of Rosmarinic Acid with 5-FU"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9338-7811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Oal\u0111e Pavlovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden \u201cJevremovac\u201d, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5075-5650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milena","family":"Milutinovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Ecology, Radoja Domanovi\u0107a 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0879-6467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Alimpi\u0107 Aradski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden \u201cJevremovac\u201d, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5384-8396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uro\u0161","family":"Ga\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research \u201cSini\u0161a Stankovi\u0107\u201d, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5419-0773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danijela","family":"Mi\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research \u201cSini\u0161a Stankovi\u0107\u201d, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9460-1012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petar D.","family":"Marin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden \u201cJevremovac\u201d, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonja","family":"Duleti\u0107-Lau\u0161evi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden \u201cJevremovac\u201d, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"The value of plants used in traditional medicine for drug discovery","volume":"109","author":"Fabricant","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. 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