{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T20:10:46Z","timestamp":1771272646146,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mugla Sitki Kocman University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit","award":["24\/169\/06\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24\/169\/06\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Medicinal and aromatic plants contain valuable natural compounds widely used in health, food, and cosmetics. This study compares the antioxidant capacities and phenolic compositions of tea and ethanol extracts from eight species naturally growing in Fethiye, Mu\u011fla, T\u00fcrkiye. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the \u03b2-carotene bleaching method, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2\u2032-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS+), cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), and metal chelating activity. Herbal teas generally showed stronger antioxidant activity than ethanol extracts. Rosemary tea had the highest activity (2.90 \u00b5g\/mL), followed by lavender (11.30 \u00b5g\/mL). In metal chelating, rosemary tea exhibited a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 9.22 \u00b5g\/mL, close to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Phenolic profiling showed rosemary tea contained 30.74 mg\/g rosmarinic acid and 0.74 mg\/g quercetin. These results support the traditional use of southwestern T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s medicinal plants and emphasize the antioxidant potential of herbal teas. Integrating ethnobotanical knowledge with phytochemical data provides a basis for functional food development, crop improvement, and conservation of local plant genetic resources. Unlike previous studies focusing on single species or limited solvent comparisons, this research simultaneously evaluates both herbal tea and ethanol extracts of eight locally grown medicinal plants, offering a unique perspective on their comparative antioxidant and phenolic diversity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15010125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T09:18:56Z","timestamp":1767345536000},"page":"125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Biochemical Diversity and Nutraceutical Potential of Medicinal Plant-Based Herbal Teas from Southwestern T\u00fcrkiye"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1402-309X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Halil Ibrahim","family":"Sagbas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture, Fethiye Faculty of Agriculture, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Fethiye, Mugla 48300, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5669-5831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saban","family":"Kordali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Protection, Fethiye Faculty of Agriculture, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Fethiye, Mugla 48300, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sena","family":"Sahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Protection, Fethiye Faculty of Agriculture, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Fethiye, Mugla 48300, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8538-6528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sel\u00e7uk","family":"K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckayd\u0131n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Koycegiz Vocational School of Health Services, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Koycegiz, Mugla 48800, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3781-2205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elif","family":"Uyduran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture, Fethiye Faculty of Agriculture, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Fethiye, Mugla 48300, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Demirezer, L.\u00d6. (2010). Our Responsibilities on the Use of Plants in Medicine, Herbal Treatment Symposium."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"37","article-title":"Place and Importance of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in the World and Turkey","volume":"33","author":"Budak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cukurova J. Agric. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"145","article-title":"Usage Areas of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"2","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bayburt Univ. J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Titz, A. (2004, January 22\u201326). Policy, Research and Development and Commercialisation Strategies. Proceedings of the Medicinal Herbs and Plants: Scope for Diversified and Sustainable Extraction, Bangalore, India."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2024, January 26). Legislation Information System\u2014Legislation No. 11908, Available online: https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=11908&MevzuatTur=7&MevzuatTertip=5."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.2478\/fhort-2018-0010","article-title":"Phenolic Compounds and Phytochemicals in Fruits of Black Mulberry (Morus nigra L.) Genotypes from the Aegean Region in Turkey","volume":"30","author":"Okatan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Folia Hortic."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"13","article-title":"Evaluation of Bioaccessibility and Functional Properties of Kombucha Beverages Fortified with Different Medicinal Plant Extracts","volume":"45","author":"Tamer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turk. J. Agric. For."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.55730\/1300-011X.2970","article-title":"Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in the Omics Era: Application of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology for Plant Secondary Metabolite Production","volume":"46","author":"Barut","year":"2022","journal-title":"Turk. J. Agric. For."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2023.102862","article-title":"Multidirectional Phytochemical Profiling, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Toxicity Studies of Neurada procumbens L.: A Desert Medicinal Plant","volume":"35","author":"Aslam","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"46","article-title":"Threats to Biodiversity: Bio-trafficking in Turkey","volume":"7","author":"Kurt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turk. J. Agric. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2024, January 26). Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry\u2014Nuh\u2019un Gemisi (Noah\u2019s Ark) National Biodiversity Database, Available online: https:\/\/nuhungemisi.tarimorman.gov.tr\/public\/istatistik."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2004.01.075","article-title":"Tea and Herbal Infusions: Their Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Profile","volume":"89","author":"Atoui","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2008.06.014","article-title":"South African Herbal Teas: Aspalathus linearis, Cyclopia spp. and Athrixia phylicoides\u2014A Review","volume":"119","author":"Joubert","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"54","article-title":"Uses of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Food Industry","volume":"4","author":"Toker","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Turk. Seed Grow. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfutfo.2023.02.002","article-title":"Review on Herbal Tea as a Functional Food: Classification, Active Compounds, Biological Activity, and Industrial Status","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Future Foods"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1159","article-title":"Antioxidant Capacity of Herbal Teas from Bulgarian Market","volume":"29","author":"Shopova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bulg. J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3558","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.6214","article-title":"Bioactive-Rich Sideritis scardica Tea (Mountain Tea) Is as Potent as Camellia sinensis Tea at Inducing Cellular Antioxidant Defences and Preventing Oxidative Stress","volume":"93","author":"Danesi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2013.07.014","article-title":"Effect of green tea and its polyphenols on mouse liver","volume":"90","author":"Saleh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1211\/jpp.58.7.0014","article-title":"An extract of Lannea microcarpa: Composition, activity and evaluation of cutaneous irritation in cell cultures and reconstituted human epidermis","volume":"58","author":"Picerno","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2014.889134","article-title":"Antioxidant and antiangiogenic activity of Astronium graveolens Jacq. leaves","volume":"28","author":"Malafronte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.2475","article-title":"UPLC\u2013QTOF\/MS for a rapid characterisation of phenolic compounds from leaves of Myrtus communis L.","volume":"25","author":"Taamalli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavusoglu, S., Yilmaz, N., Islek, F., Tekin, O., Sagbas, H.I., Ercisli, S., Ramp\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1, E., and Ne\u010das, T. (2021). Effect of methyl jasmonate, cytokinin, and lavender oil on antioxidant enzyme system of apricot fruit (Prunus armeniaca L.). Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13158565"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Kayg\u0131s\u0131z, A. (2021). Determination of the Antioxidant Activities of Plantain, Yarrow, and Rosemary Extracts. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim Univ.]."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"2105","article-title":"Determination of Antioxidant Properties and Composition of Rosemary and Thyme Essential Oils","volume":"8","author":"Kaynarca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk. J. Agric. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4565","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-014-1497-1","article-title":"Evaluation of Antioxidant Interactions in Combined Extracts of Green Tea (Camellia sinensis), Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and Oak Fruit (Quercus brantii)","volume":"52","author":"Ghorbani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.13005\/ojc\/380524","article-title":"GC\u2013MS Chemical Profile, Antioxidant Activity, and Sun Protection Factor of Essential Oil of Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) and Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)","volume":"38","author":"Malik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Orient. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1515\/ract-2019-3113","article-title":"Values of Antioxidant Activities (ABTS and DPPH) and Ferric Reducing and Chelating Powers of Gamma-Irradiated Rosemary Extract","volume":"108","author":"Rezanejad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francolino, R., Martino, M., Caputo, L., Amato, G., Chianese, G., Gargiulo, E., Formisano, C., Romano, B., Ercolano, G., and Ianaro, A. (2023). Phytochemical Constituents and Biological Activity of Wild and Cultivated Rosmarinus officinalis Hydroalcoholic Extracts. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12081633"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"631","article-title":"Antioxidant Potential and Phenolic Composition of Some Aromatic and Medicinal Herbs in Turkey","volume":"16","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"41","article-title":"Some Physical and Phytochemical Properties of Bay Leaves from Different Provinces in Turkey","volume":"19","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. New Results Eng. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"148","article-title":"Assessment of Volatile Oil Composition, Phenolics and Antioxidant Activity of Bay (Laurus nobilis) Leaf and Usage in Cosmetic Applications","volume":"4","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Second. Metab."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Karag\u00f6zler, A.A., Yava\u015fera, R., and Sunnaa, \u00c7. (2013, January 15\u201317). Investigation of Some Antioxidant Properties of Lavender Plant. Proceedings of the 3rd Congress on Cosmetic Chemistry, Production and Standardization, Antalya, T\u00fcrkiye."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2011.635343","article-title":"Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oils and Methanol Extracts of Three Wild Lavandula L. Species","volume":"26","author":"Messaoud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2010.10643838","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity of the Essential Oil and Methanolic Extract of Eucalyptus largiflorens and Eucalyptus intertexta from Central Iran","volume":"13","author":"Behpour","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"567","article-title":"Investigation of Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Capacity of Selected Eucalyptus Species Using Conventional Extraction","volume":"70","author":"Bhuyan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Pap."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-009-9181-0","article-title":"Antioxidant Activities of Liquidambar formosana Hance Leaf Extracts","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021015","DOI":"10.1590\/0104-1428.04221","article-title":"Determination of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Sweetgum (Liquidambar orientalis) Leaf, a Medicinal Plant","volume":"31","author":"Ulusoy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pol\u00edmeros"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mena, P., Cirlini, M., Tassotti, M., Herrlinger, K.A., Dall\u2019Asta, C., and Del Rio, D. (2016). Phytochemical Profiling of Flavonoids, Phenolic Acids, Terpenoids, and Volatile Fraction of a Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Extract. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21111576"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.12.106","article-title":"A Comprehensive Study on the Phenolic Profile of Widely Used Culinary Herbs and Spices: Rosemary, Thyme, Oregano, Cinnamon, Cumin and Bay","volume":"154","author":"Regueiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peixoto, J.A.B., \u00c1lvarez-Rivera, G., Alves, R.C., Costa, A.S., Machado, S., Cifuentes, A., Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, E., and Oliveira, M.B.P. (2021). Comprehensive Phenolic and Free Amino Acid Analysis of Rosemary Infusions: Influence on the Antioxidant Potential. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10030500"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u010culina, P., Cvitkovi\u0107, D., Pfeifer, D., Zori\u0107, Z., Repaji\u0107, M., Elez Garofuli\u0107, I., Balbino, S., and Pedisi\u0107, S. (2021). Phenolic Profile and Antioxidant Capacity of Selected Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Diversity upon Plant Species and Extraction Technique. Processes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9122207"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.19163\/2307-9266-2019-7-5-244-259","article-title":"Phenolic Compounds of Laurus nobilis","volume":"7","author":"Konovalov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"225","article-title":"Phenological Stage Effect on Phenolic Composition, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activity of Lavandula stoechas Extract","volume":"99","author":"Sriti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Riv. Ital. Sostanze Grasse"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202400640","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202400640","article-title":"Lavandula angustifolia Herb from Ukraine: Comparative Chemical Profile and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity","volume":"21","author":"Mykhailenko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14715\/cmb\/2018.64.14.1","article-title":"Metabolic Profile and Biological Activities of Lavandula stoechas L.","volume":"64","author":"Karan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C\u00e1ceres-Cevallos, G.J., Qu\u00edlez, M., Ortiz de Elguea-Culebras, G., Melero-Bravo, E., S\u00e1nchez-Vioque, R., and Jord\u00e1n, M.J. (2023). Agronomic Evaluation and Chemical Characterization of Lavandula latifolia Medik. under the Semiarid Conditions of the Spanish Southeast. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12101986"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4720","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules20034720","article-title":"Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities and Phenolic Profile of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and Corymbia ficifolia (F. Muell.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson Leaves","volume":"20","author":"Dezsi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.04.059","article-title":"Chemical Composition and In Vitro Antioxidant and Antitumor Activities of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. Leaves","volume":"74","author":"Ashraf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1","article-title":"Properties and Usage of Liquidambar orientalis","volume":"1","author":"Bilek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Ta\u015f K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckayd\u0131n, M. (2023). Preparation and Characterization of Biopolymer-Based Wound Dressing Materials Containing Plant Resin and Bioactive Compounds. [Ph.D. Thesis, Mu\u011fla S\u0131tk\u0131 Ko\u00e7man Univ.]."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"115","article-title":"Influence of Hot Air Drying on Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of Blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) Fruit and Leaf","volume":"90","author":"Karatepe","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Bot. Food Qual."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mechi, D., Baccouri, B., Mart\u00edn-Vertedor, D., and Abaza, L. (2023). Bioavailability of Phenolic Compounds in Californian-Style Table Olives with Tunisian Aqueous Olive Leaf Extracts. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28020707"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borghini, F., Tamasi, G., Loiselle, S.A., Baglioni, M., Ferrari, S., Bisozzi, F., Costantini, S., Tozzi, C., Riccaboni, A., and Rossi, C. (2024). Phenolic Profiles in Olive Leaves from Different Cultivars in Tuscany and Their Use as a Marker of Varietal and Geographical Origin on a Small Scale. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29153617"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siamandoura, P., and Tzia, C. (2023). Comparative Study of Novel Methods for Olive Leaf Phenolic Compound Extraction Using NADES as Solvents. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28010353"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202200143","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202200143","article-title":"Anticholinergic, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Properties of Vitex agnus-castus L. Seed Extract: Assessment of Its Phenolic Content by LC\/MS\/MS","volume":"19","author":"Kavaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6695311","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6695311","article-title":"Phenolic Compound Analysis and Pharmacological Screening of Vitex agnus-castus Functional Parts","volume":"2021","author":"Berrani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"59","article-title":"The antioxidant effect of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)","volume":"51","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim. Prod."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2012.07.002","article-title":"Exogenous influences on plant secondary metabolite levels","volume":"176","author":"Pavarini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-017-1332-2","article-title":"Secondary metabolism of pharmaceuticals in the plant in vitro cultures: Strategies, approaches, and limitations to achieving higher yield","volume":"132","author":"Isah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b07160","article-title":"Phenolic Compounds from Nuts: Extraction, Chemical Profiles, and Bioactivity","volume":"68","author":"Bodoira","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"155","article-title":"The effect of brewing at different temperatures and times on some quality characteristics of mountain tea (Sideritis congesta L.)","volume":"39","author":"Toker","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. West Mediterr. Agric. Res. Inst."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"57","article-title":"Antibacterial effect of essential oil and extracts from Satureja species against bacterial pathogens in beans","volume":"3","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"43","article-title":"Antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antibacterial activities of Jurinea consanguinea DC","volume":"5","author":"Kolak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rec. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-021-01220-1","article-title":"Volatile compound profile and essential oil composition of three wild Algerian aromatic plants with their antioxidant and antibiofilm activities","volume":"16","author":"Djebili","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Food Meas. Charact."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00315-3","article-title":"Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay","volume":"26","author":"Re","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7970","DOI":"10.1021\/jf048741x","article-title":"Novel Total Antioxidant Capacity Index for Dietary Polyphenols and Vitamins C and E, Using Their Cupric Ion Reducing Capability in the Presence of Neocuproine: CUPRAC Method","volume":"52","author":"Apak","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21897","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.21897","article-title":"Synthesis of New Cyclic Thioureas and Evaluation of Their Metal-Chelating Activity, Acetylcholinesterase, Butyrylcholinesterase, and Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition Profiles","volume":"31","author":"Taslimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2021.07.018","article-title":"HPLC-DAD Phytochemical Profiles of Thymus cariensis and T. cilicicus with Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, Anticholinesterase, Anti-urease, Anti-tyrosinase, and Antidiabetic Activities","volume":"143","author":"Duru","year":"2021","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blunch, N.J. (2012). Introduction to Structural Equation Modeling Using IBM SPSS Statistics and AMOS, Sage.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781526402257"}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/15\/1\/125\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T09:41:03Z","timestamp":1767346863000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/15\/1\/125"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["plants15010125"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants15010125","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]}}}