{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T11:09:35Z","timestamp":1788520175585,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundamental Fund of Khon Kaen University through the National Science, Research and Innovation Fund","award":["203279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203279"]}]},{"name":"NSRF via the Program Management Unit for Human Resources & Institutional Development, Research and Innovatio","award":["B38G670003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B38G670003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is an important pathogen that causes wilt leaf blight disease in rice (Oryza sativa L.), leading to a reduction in rice yield. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the potential of a surfactant complex composed of CO2 nanobubbles (CO2-NBs) coated with sorbitan monostearate (Sp60) and a crude extract of Trichoderma polyalthiae as active ingredient delivery agents for controlling leaf blight under both laboratory and greenhouse conditions. The addition of Sp60 and crude extract as surfactants significantly influenced the size uniformity and stability of CO2-NBs at the nano level, with the nanobubbles remaining intact in water for up to 14 days. In addition, CO2-NBs with crude extract and Sp60 reduced the severity of wilt, with an minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 64 \u00b5g\/mL and an minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value of 128 \u00b5g\/mL, and inhibited the disease by more than 50% in greenhouse conditions. Therefore, this study presents a creative and eco-friendly approach to managing bacterial leaf blight in rice that is innovative and relevant to sustainable plant protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15020245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T11:42:58Z","timestamp":1768304578000},"page":"245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Improved Biological Control of Bacterial Leaf Blight Using a Surfactant Complex of CO2 Micro-Nanobubbles Coated with Crude Ethyl Acetate Extract of Trichoderma polyalthiae UBZSN2-1"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Wasan","family":"Seemakram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thanapat","family":"Suebrasri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Science and General Education, Nakhon Ratchasima College, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saranya","family":"Chantawong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6283-1426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sornamol","family":"Traiphop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nanomaterials Research and Innovation for Energy (IN-RIE), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sriprajak","family":"Krongsuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nanomaterials Research and Innovation for Energy (IN-RIE), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jirawat","family":"Sanitchon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6125-4281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanawan","family":"Gateta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2411-6863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophon","family":"Boonlue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"National Statistical Office (2024). 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