{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T21:33:48Z","timestamp":1788471228806,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"BIN RAS assignment","award":["#124020100140-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#124020100140-7"]}]},{"name":"Research Park of St. Petersburg State University","award":["#125022803066-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#125022803066-3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zinc (Zn) in excess is very toxic for plants and can limit agriculture. Carbon-based engineered nanomaterials with high electron mobility and electron-accepting capability may be essential for mitigating heavy metal stress. In the present study, the protective role of some fullerene C60 derivatives (fullerenol [C60(OH)22\u201324] and the arginine C60 [C60(C6H13N4O2)8H8]) were tested for the first time against Zn toxicity in Cucumis sativus L. (cucumber). Plants were grown hydroponically at three concentrations of fullerenes (0, 2, and 10 mg L\u22121) without or with 40 \u00b5M Zn for 17 days. Plant growth, leaf chlorosis, and nutritional imbalances in combination with a metabolomics approach were analyzed. The Zn-treated plants show chlorotic leaves, the retarded growth of shoots (\u221220%), and roots (\u221249%) and nutrient imbalance. Addition of fullerene C60 derivatives suppressed loss in the dry biomass of leaves (15%) and roots (40%; fullerenol only) induced by high Zn. However, they did not alter leaf chlorophyll, shoot dry biomass, and elemental composition, including leaf Zn. Moreover, the Zn of xylem sup from roots remained unchanged by fullerenes. In an adsorption experiment, the amounts of Zn adsorbed by tested C60 were below the detection limits. The addition of C60 derivatives slightly changed the metabolite profiling in stressed plants. Nevertheless, in fullerene-treated plants, the abundance of some Zn-responsible metabolites tended to be altered in the opposite direction as compared with the metabolic responses to excessive Zn alone. There were several up-regulated metabolites protecting plants under oxidative stress. We speculate that fullerene C60 derivatives have the ability to increase antioxidant non-enzyme activity at least, improving some growth parameters. However, fullerenes did not reduce Zn transport from the root to the shoots. We concluded that the low capacity of these compounds to buffer Zn in the root zone might limit the efficiency of fullerene derivatives against Zn toxicity. Our results provide new evidence for the crucial role of Zn\u2013fullerene interactions in the amelioration of Zn toxicity in plants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15020254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T09:03:10Z","timestamp":1768381390000},"page":"254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Physiological and Metabolic Changes Induced by Fullerene C60 Derivatives in Zinc-Stressed Cucumber"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nikolai","family":"Bityutskii","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7\/9 Universitetskaya nab., Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9745-1654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirill","family":"Yakkonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7\/9 Universitetskaya nab., Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5862-2676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman","family":"Puzanskiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Phytochemistry, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Professora Popova, 2, Saint Petersburg 197022, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1778-2814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allexey","family":"Shavarda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Phytochemistry, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Professora Popova, 2, Saint Petersburg 197022, Russia"},{"name":"Center for Molecular and Cell Technologies, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2239-2044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantin","family":"Semenov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Bioorganic Chemistry, First Pavlov State Medical University, 6-8 L\u2019va Tolstogo Ulitsa, Saint Petersburg 197022, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8800-074X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Nadporozhskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7\/9 Universitetskaya nab., Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-021-03642-z","article-title":"Zinc toxicity in plants: A review","volume":"253","author":"Kaur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamzah Saleem, M., Usman, K., Rizwan, M., Al Jabri, H., and Alsafran, M. 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