{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:57:56Z","timestamp":1788875876146,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study demonstrates that sunflower plants display integrated, multilevel responses to excessive lithium (Li) exposure. Li concentrations above 5 mM markedly impair germination, growth, and biomass accumulation. Li is preferentially accumulated in the shoots, showing high translocation and bioaccumulation factors, and disrupts mineral nutrient homeostasis, particularly potassium (K) and sodium (Na) uptake, while inducing oxidative stress. Although photosynthetic pigment contents decline, photosynthetic efficiency is largely maintained, except at 10 mM Li. Li treatment enhances superoxide anion (O2.\u2212) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production exclusively in leaves. Consequently, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), and glutathione reductase (GR) increase in leaves, whereas only APX and GR are stimulated in the roots. Nitric oxide (NO) accumulation is detected only in leaves, while hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and glutathione (GSH) contents decline. Leaf ascorbate (AsA) levels decrease concomitantly with dehydroascorbate (DHA) accumulation. Expression analyses of catalase, DHAR, DHAR-like, and glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes confirm their involvement in Li stress responses. Moreover, global DNA methylation analyses reveal hypomethylation in leaves and hypermethylation in the roots. Overall, Li exposure induces dose- and organ-specific physiological, molecular, and epigenetic adjustments in sunflower plants under environmentally relevant concentrations and controlled experimental conditions in this study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15030421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T08:19:38Z","timestamp":1769761178000},"page":"421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of High Lithium Concentrations on the Growth, Biomass, Mineral Accumulation, Oxidative Stress, Antioxidant and Gene Expression Response, and DNA Methylation in Sunflower Plants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6467-0359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Espinosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group of Plant Physiology and Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, INURA, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco Luis","family":"Espinosa-Vellarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group of Plant Physiology and Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, INURA, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilda","family":"Casimiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group of Plant Physiology and Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, INURA, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen Gloria","family":"Relinque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group of Plant Physiology and Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, INURA, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group of Plant Physiology and Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, INURA, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2367-0985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inmaculada","family":"Garrido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group of Plant Physiology and Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, INURA, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Raimi, D., Zhu, Y., Newell, R.G., and Prest, B.C. 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