{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T06:04:40Z","timestamp":1771135480813,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32101582"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32101582"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Young elite scientist sponsorship program","award":["YESS20220054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YESS20220054"]}]},{"name":"Social Science Foundation Project of Jiangsu Province","award":["21GLC002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21GLC002"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China","award":["21KJB220008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21KJB220008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carpinus betulus is an important ornamental landscape tree species with colorful foliage. It is widely used in landscaping due to its upright tree shape, significant seasonal changes, and good tolerance to pruning. Propagation methods for C. betulus include grafting, cutting, and seeding. However, the germination rate of seeding is low, and the rooting of cuttings is difficult; moreover, plant tissue culture techniques are complex, and the key technologies have not been disclosed. Grafting has therefore become the primary means of propagation. However, enabling the rapid reproduction of C. betulus through appropriate grafting methods and in appropriate environments remains an urgent issue to be addressed. In this study, Carpinus turczaninowii was used as a rootstock to graft C. betulus, and the effects of the grafting periods, technique, and environmental conditions on the survival rate of grafted C. betulus were discussed. The results showed that branch grafting (cleft graft and whip-and-tongue graft) performed in March to April and August to November resulted in the highest survival rates, whereas budding grafts (chip budding and patch budding) were more suitable in May and June. Increasing ambient humidity was a key measure for improving graft survival rates and germination rates. In terms of grafting survival rate, germination rate, and leaf growth, humidification and treatment with 60\u201370% light transmission had better results than treatment with natural humidity or 20\u201330% light transmission and full light treatment under humidification conditions. Under low-light conditions, increasing air humidity had a particularly pronounced effect on promoting the growth of grafted seedling branches. In the future, further research should be conducted on the molecular mechanism mediated by soil environment and temperature changes for the successful grafting of C. betulus, providing a theoretical basis for the propagation and cultivation of C. betulus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15040604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T17:51:32Z","timestamp":1771005092000},"page":"604","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Effects of Different Grafting Periods, Method, and Environmental Factors on the Grafting Propagation of Carpinus betulus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yuanlan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weixu","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Co-Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"},{"name":"College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"},{"name":"Jinpu Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"},{"name":"Digital Innovation Design Research Center, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Co-Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"},{"name":"College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"},{"name":"Jinpu Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"},{"name":"Digital Innovation Design Research Center, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Co-Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"},{"name":"College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"},{"name":"Jinpu Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"},{"name":"Digital Innovation Design Research Center, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zunling","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Co-Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"},{"name":"College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"},{"name":"Jinpu Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"},{"name":"Digital Innovation Design Research Center, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"},{"name":"College of Art & Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qianqian","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Co-Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"},{"name":"College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"},{"name":"Jinpu Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"},{"name":"Digital Innovation Design Research Center, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Comparative study on the effectiveness of hydroponic nutrient solutions for Carpinus betulus","volume":"45","author":"Huo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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