{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T15:04:24Z","timestamp":1774278264692,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Clonal propagation of rust-resistant sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana Dougl.) is currently limited by extreme rooting recalcitrance and highly variable donor responses to nursery management. This study identified seed zone-specific nutritional sensitivities and evaluated rooting success; we hypothesized that northern seed sources would exhibit greater sensitivity to high nutrient loads and that stable microclimates would outperform high-intensity rooting systems. In Study 1, seedlings from five United States Department of Agriculture seed zones were grown for 27 weeks in five nutrient solutions (tap-water control, modified Hoagland, Foliage-Pro\u00ae, Andrejow, and FloraNova\u00ae) spanning 0.72\u20133.00 dS m\u22121. The nutrient-rich Foliage-Pro\u00ae and FloraNova\u00ae solutions defined the upper end of the nutrient-intensity range and revealed strong seed zone contrasts: northern zones (526, 550) showed marked sensitivity, with survival declining from 70 to 100% in the control to 15\u201340% under the highest-EC formulations, whereas southern zones (992, 993) maintained high survival (\u226575%) across all treatments and exhibited increased branching (up to 3.7 branches plant\u22121) under higher-nutrient solutions. In Study 2, stem cuttings were rooted in three environments (non-mist, hydroponic, and aeroponic) and four hormone treatments (control, Clonex\u00ae, Dip\u2019n Grow\u00ae, and IBA + Ethrel). Rooting occurred exclusively in the non-mist propagator; untreated controls achieved 65% success and outperformed all hormone treatments (0\u201310%). These results demonstrate that P. lambertiana propagation depends on seed zone-specific donor nutrition and stable, hormone-independent rooting environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15060981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T13:53:34Z","timestamp":1774274014000},"page":"981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Seed Zone Nutritional Sensitivity and Hormone-Independent Rooting in Sugar Pine (Pinus lambertiana Dougl.): A Two-Phase Evaluation of Nutrient Solutions and Rooting Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8618-1575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime Barros","family":"Silva Filho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Contractor, Pacific Southwest Research Station, US Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 4955 Canyon Crest Dr., Riverside, CA 92507, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arnaldo R.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1400 Independence Ave. SW, Yates Building, Washington, DC 20250, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9867-0819","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Milton E.","family":"McGiffen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California at Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2023.121659","article-title":"Threats to the persistence of sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana) in the western USA","volume":"554","author":"Foster","year":"2024","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1165000","article-title":"Widespread increase of tree mortality rates in the western United States","volume":"323","author":"Stephenson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jolly, W.M., and Johnson, D.M. (2018). Pyro-Ecophysiology: Shifting the Paradigm of Live Wildland Fuel Research. Fire, 1.","DOI":"10.3390\/fire1010008"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2022.120258","article-title":"Mass fire behavior created by extensive tree mortality and high tree density not predicted by operational fire behavior models in the southern Sierra Nevada","volume":"518","author":"Stephens","year":"2022","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2022.120524","article-title":"Planted seedling survival in a post-wildfire landscape: From experimental planting to predictive probabilistic surfaces","volume":"525","author":"Marsh","year":"2022","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Oswalt, S.N., and Smith, W.B. (2025, December 14). U.S. Forest Resource Facts and Historical Trends, Available online: https:\/\/www.fs.usda.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/legacy_files\/media\/types\/publication\/field_pdf\/forestfacts-2014aug-fs1035-508complete.pdf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2018.09.006","article-title":"Tree mortality following drought in the central and southern Sierra Nevada, California, US","volume":"432","author":"Fettig","year":"2019","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO.2003.93.8.1044","article-title":"White pine blister rust in North America: Past and prognosis","volume":"93","author":"Kinloch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s11295-007-0088-y","article-title":"Resistance and virulence interactions between two white pine species and blister rust in a 30-year field trial","volume":"4","author":"Kinloch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tree Genet. Genomes"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-08-21-1608-RE","article-title":"SNPs in a large genomic scaffold are strongly associated with Cr1R, major gene for resistance to white pine blister rust in range-wide samples of sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana)","volume":"106","author":"Wright","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135747","article-title":"Assisted gene flow to facilitate local adaptation to climate change","volume":"44","author":"Aitken","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1080\/02827581.2018.1487579","article-title":"Benefits and risks of using clones in forestry\u2014A review","volume":"34","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scand. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, T., Chen, X.-L., Hao, Y.-P., Jiang, C.-W., Wang, S., Wang, J., Wei, Q., Chen, S.-J., Yu, X.-S., and Cheng, F. (2021). Optimization of factors affecting the rooting of pine wilt disease resistant masson pine (Pinus massoniana) stem cuttings. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251937"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"3","article-title":"The effects of ontogenetic maturation in Pinus patula\u2014Part II: Hedge cycling and field performance","volume":"207","author":"Mitchell","year":"2006","journal-title":"S. Afr. For. J."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Park, Y.S., Bonga, J.M., and Moon, H.K. (2025, December 27). Conifer clonal propagation in tree improvement programs, Vegetative Propagation of Forest Trees, Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/299263644_Conifer_clonal_propagation_in_tree_improvement_programs."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.12944\/CARJ.7.2.01","article-title":"A Review on clonal propagation of medicinal and aromatic plants through stem cuttings for promoting their cultivation and conservation","volume":"7","author":"Waman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Agric. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Landis, T.D., Tinus, R.W., McDonald, S.E., and Barnett, J.P. (1989). The Container Tree Nursery Manual, Volume 4: Seedling Nutrition and Irrigation, Agriculture Handbook 674."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-3040.ep11611714","article-title":"Relative addition rate and external concentration; driving variables used in plant nutrition research","volume":"5","author":"Ingestad","year":"1982","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balliu, A., Zheng, Y., Sallaku, G., Fern\u00e1ndez, J.A., Gruda, N.S., and Tuzel, Y. (2021). Environmental and cultivation factors affect the morphology, architecture and performance of root systems in soilless grown plants. Horticulturae, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae7080243"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.5558\/tfc80463-4","article-title":"Stock type in intensive silviculture: A (short) discussion about roots and size","volume":"80","author":"Thiffault","year":"2004","journal-title":"For. Chron."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcy234","article-title":"Molecular and physiological control of adventitious rooting in cuttings: Phytohormone action meets resource allocation","volume":"123","author":"Druege","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-89132006000300002","article-title":"Effect of plant growth regulators in the rooting of Pinus cuttings","volume":"49","author":"Henrique","year":"2006","journal-title":"Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandal, A.K., and Nicodemus, A. (2025). Vegetative propagation of forest tree species. Textbook of Forest Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-8289-5"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"247","article-title":"Low-technology techniques for the vegetative propagation of tropical trees","volume":"69","author":"Leakey","year":"1990","journal-title":"Commonw. For. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.1992.314.28","article-title":"Environmental conditions for rooting cuttings: Importance, measurement and control","volume":"314","author":"Loach","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.1978.79.18","article-title":"Water and carbohydrate relationships during the rooting of cuttings","volume":"79","author":"Loach","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s11056-014-9421-0","article-title":"Maturation and related aspects in clonal forestry\u2014Part I: Concepts, regulation and consequences of phase change","volume":"45","author":"Wendling","year":"2014","journal-title":"New For."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s11056-014-9415-y","article-title":"Maturation and related aspects in clonal forestry\u2014Part II: Reinvigoration, rejuvenation and juvenility maintenance","volume":"45","author":"Wendling","year":"2014","journal-title":"New For."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Ritchie, G.A., Landis, T.D., Dumroese, R.K., and Haase, D.L. (2010). The Container Tree Nursery Manual. Volume 7: Seedling Processing, Storage, and Outplanting, Agriculture Handbook 674."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-Sala, C. (2014). Direct reprogramming of adult somatic cells toward adventitious root formation in forest tree species: The effect of the juvenile\u2013adult transition. Front. Plant Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2014.00310"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1007\/s12229-009-9029-9","article-title":"Mediators, genes and signaling in adventitious rooting","volume":"75","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bot. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.90.2.406","article-title":"Maturation in larch: I. Effect of age on shoot growth, foliar characteristics, and DNA methylation","volume":"90","author":"Greenwood","year":"1989","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2004.02.004","article-title":"Hormonal changes throughout maturation and ageing in Pinus pinea","volume":"42","author":"Centeno","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006752717350","article-title":"Effects of IBA and NAA treatments on rooting Douglas-fir stem cuttings","volume":"20","author":"Copes","year":"2000","journal-title":"New For."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, C.T., de Almeida, M.R., Ruedell, C.M., Batista, J.V., and Fett-Neto, A.G. (2013). When stress and development go hand in hand: Main hormonal controls of adventitious rooting in cuttings. Front. Plant Sci., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2013.00133"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-003-1175-4","article-title":"An auxin-inducible gene from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) is differentially expressed in mature and juvenile-phase shoots and encodes a putative transmembrane protein","volume":"218","author":"Busov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3054.2001.1110315.x","article-title":"Response to auxin changes during maturation-related loss of adventitious rooting competence in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) stem cuttings","volume":"111","author":"Greenwood","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-Sala, C. (2021). Adventitious root formation in tree species. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10030486"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.114.134874","article-title":"PIN-dependent auxin transport: Action, regulation, and evolution","volume":"27","author":"Adamowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pizarro, A., and D\u00edaz-Sala, C. (2022). Expression levels of genes encoding proteins involved in the cell wall\u2013plasma membrane\u2013cytoskeleton continuum are associated with the maturation-related adventitious rooting competence of pine stem cuttings. Front. Plant Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.783783"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"USDA-ARS (2021). Tap Water Chemical Analysis Report."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Hoagland, D.R., and Arnon, D.I. (1950). The Water-Culture Method for Growing Plants without Soil, California Agricultural Experiment Station, University of California. Circular 347."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Dyna-Gro (2015). Dyna-Gro Liquid Grow 7-9-5: Safety Data Sheet, Pitsco Education. Available online: https:\/\/asset.pitsco.com\/SDS\/sheets\/21300%20dynagro%20liquid%20gro%201%20gal.pdf."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Andrejow, G.M.P. (2006). Minijardim Clonal de Pinus taeda L. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1]."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"General Hydroponics (2023). FloraNova Grow 7-4-10: Product Analysis and Safety Data Sheet, General Hydroponics. Available online: https:\/\/generalhydroponics.com\/resources\/."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Buck, J.M., Adams, R.S., Cone, J., Conkle, M.T., Libby, W.J., Eden, C.J., and Knight, M.J. (2025, December 14). California Tree Seed Zones, Available online: https:\/\/efotg.sc.egov.usda.gov\/references\/public\/CA\/TN_Forest_CA_43-CaliforniaTreeSeedZones.pdf."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s10725-010-9524-3","article-title":"Effects of combinational treatment with ethephon and indole-3-butyric acid on adventitious rooting of Pinus thunbergii cuttings","volume":"63","author":"Mori","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Steel, R.G.D., Torrie, J.H., and Dickey, D.A. (1996). Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biometrical Approach, McGraw-Hill. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.22237\/jmasm\/1367382180","article-title":"An approach for dealing with statuses of non-statistically significant interactions between treatments","volume":"12","author":"Sawan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mod. Appl. Stat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/jac.12267","article-title":"A tutorial on the statistical analysis of factorial experiments with qualitative and quantitative treatment factors","volume":"204","author":"Piepho","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agron. Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Ribeiro J\u00fanior, J.I., and Melo, A.L.P. (2008). Guia Pr\u00e1tico para Utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o do SAEG, Folha Artes Gr\u00e1ficas Ltda."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"OriginLab Corporation (2025). OriginPro, Version 2025, OriginLab Corporation. Available online: https:\/\/www.originlab.com\/origin."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s11056-012-9336-6","article-title":"Why seedlings survive: Influence of plant attributes","volume":"43","author":"Grossnickle","year":"2012","journal-title":"New For."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s11295-017-1144-x","article-title":"Genotype by environment interactions in forest tree breeding: Review of methodology and perspectives on research and application","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tree Gen. Genomes"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"e010","article-title":"Genetic transformation in conifers: Current status and future prospects","volume":"4","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"For. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2021.119293","article-title":"Within-population genotype\u2014Soil interactions drive phenotypic variation in a recovering fir forest from central Mexico","volume":"494","author":"Arenas","year":"2021","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"1","article-title":"Linking within- and among-population variation in early plant performance reveals the potential for persistence in novel edaphic environments in fragmented populations of the Mediterranean cliff carnation Dianthus rupicola","volume":"512","author":"Laccetti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atta, K., Mondal, S., Gorai, S., Singh, A.P., Kumari, A., Ghosh, T., Roy, A., Hembram, S., Gaikwad, D.J., and Mondal, S. (2023). Impacts of salinity stress on crop plants: Improving salt tolerance through genetic and molecular dissection. Front. Plant Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1241736"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1093\/wjaf\/17.3.154","article-title":"Three-year response of ponderosa pine seedlings to controlled-release fertilizer applied at planting","volume":"17","author":"Fan","year":"2002","journal-title":"West. J. Appl. For."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Epstein, E., and Bloom, A.J. (2005). Mineral Nutrition of Plants: Principles and Perspectives, Sinauer Associates. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Jackson, B.E. (2008). Chemical, Physical, and Biological Factors Influencing Nutrient Availability and Plant Growth in a Pine Tree Substrate. [Ph.D. Thesis, Philosophy in Horticulture, Faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University]."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20362","DOI":"10.1002\/tpg2.20362","article-title":"Mineral nutrients in plants under changing environments: A road to future food and nutrition security","volume":"16","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Genome"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, P., and Yeh, F.C. (2024). Seedling growth responses to nutrient and water treatments among Jack pine open-pollinated families. Forests, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/f15122062"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2019.117562","article-title":"Ecologically distinct pine species show differential root development after outplanting in response to nursery nutrient cultivation","volume":"451","author":"Toca","year":"2019","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1139\/cjfr-2013-0379","article-title":"Modeling genetic effects on growth of diverse provenances and families of loblolly pine across optimum and deficient nutrient regimes","volume":"44","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-3800-0_5","article-title":"Vegetative propagation of southern pines","volume":"Volume 36","author":"Duryea","year":"1991","journal-title":"Forest Regeneration Manual"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas, T.D., Razdan, M.K., and Kumar, A. (2024). Conventional versus non-conventional methods of propagation of forest tree species: Applications and limitations. Biotechnological Approaches for Sustaining Forest Trees and Their Products, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-4363-6"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s13595-024-01227-w","article-title":"Inter-provenance variability and phenotypic plasticity of wood and leaf traits related to hydraulic safety and efficiency in seven European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) provenances differing in yield","volume":"81","author":"Kurjak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, S., Wang, Y., Chen, Y., Shi, X., and Wu, L. (2024). The sucrose regulation of plant shoot branching. Horticulturae, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae10121348"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, X., Zhang, Y., Meng, P., Yuan, Y., Li, C., Zhi, X., and Wang, C. (2025). The impact of nitrogen and phosphorus interaction on growth, nutrient absorption, and signal regulation in woody plants. Biology, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14050490"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1885888","DOI":"10.1080\/15592324.2021.1885888","article-title":"The role of auxin in nitrogen-modulated shoot branching","volume":"16","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Signal. Behav."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.48044\/jauf.1992.009","article-title":"Root-shoot ratios","volume":"18","author":"Harris","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arboric. Urban For."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcr069","article-title":"Auxin, cytokinin and the control of shoot branching","volume":"107","author":"Leyser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Bot."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, H., Xu, J., Cai, N., and Xu, Y. (2024). Analysis of the molecular mechanism endogenous hormone regulating axillary bud development in Pinus yunnanensis. BMC Plant Biol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-024-05819-6"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schneider, A., Godin, C., Boudon, F., Demotes-Mainard, S., Sakr, S., and Bertheloot, J. (2019). Light regulation of axillary bud outgrowth along plant axes: An overview of the roles of sugars and hormones. Front. Plant Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.01296"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"131","article-title":"Ecological genetics of Pinus contorta from the Rocky Mountains (USA): A synthesis","volume":"37","author":"Rehfeldt","year":"1988","journal-title":"Silvae Genet."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-4571.2007.00013.x","article-title":"Adaptation, migration or extirpation: Climate change outcomes for tree populations","volume":"1","author":"Aitken","year":"2008","journal-title":"Evol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00391.x","article-title":"Genotype\u2013environment interaction and the evolution of phenotypic plasticity","volume":"39","author":"Via","year":"1985","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.11.110180.001313","article-title":"The mineral nutrition of wild plants","volume":"11","author":"Chapin","year":"1980","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-70332011000300010","article-title":"The difference between breeding for nutrient use efficiency and for nutrient stress tolerance","volume":"11","author":"Maia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crop Breed. Appl. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2007.02275.x","article-title":"Ecological limits to plant phenotypic plasticity","volume":"176","author":"Valladares","year":"2007","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1127(92)90321-Y","article-title":"Genetic strategies for reforestation in the face of global climate change","volume":"50","author":"Ledig","year":"1992","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Cannell, M.G.R., and Jackson, J.E. (1985). Dry matter partitioning in tree crops. Attributes of Trees as Crop Plants, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall\u00e9, F., Oldeman, R.A.A., and Tomlinson, P.B. (1978). Opportunistic tree architecture. Tropical Trees and Forests, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-81190-6"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.2307\/2656846","article-title":"Apical control of branch growth and angle in woody plants","volume":"87","author":"Wilson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(03)00002-8","article-title":"Plant ecotypes: Genetic differentiation in the age of ecological restoration","volume":"18","author":"Hufford","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12293","article-title":"Time to get moving: Assisted gene flow of forest trees","volume":"9","author":"Aitken","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.39.6.1392","article-title":"Growth stage, auxin type, and concentration influence rooting of Virginia pine stem cuttings","volume":"39","author":"Rosier","year":"2004","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1007\/s00468-016-1412-7","article-title":"Adventitious rooting of conifers: Influence of biological factors","volume":"30","author":"Zavattieri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trees"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2009.04027.x","article-title":"Genetic dissection of the role of ethylene in regulating auxin-dependent lateral and adventitious root formation in tomato","volume":"61","author":"Negi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6445","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erw415","article-title":"Ethylene and auxin interaction in the control of adventitious rooting in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"67","author":"Veloccia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s00344-017-9692-8","article-title":"Ethylene controls adventitious root initiation sites in Arabidopsis hypocotyls independently of strigolactones","volume":"36","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, T., Dong, Z., Zheng, X., Song, S., Jiao, J., Wang, M., and Song, C. (2020). Auxin and its interaction with ethylene control adventitious root formation and development in apple rootstock. Front. Plant Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.574881"},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Menzies, M.I., Faulds, T., Dibley, M.J., and Aitken-Christie, J. (1988). Vegetative propagation of radiata pine in New Zealand. Proceedings of the S3.02-03 Symposium, 18th IUFRO World Congress, South African Forestry Research Institute."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/26.2.193","article-title":"Root initiation in cuttings of Pinus radiata seedlings: II. Growth regulator interactions","volume":"26","author":"Smith","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/15.1.41","article-title":"Genetic variation in rooting ability of loblolly pine cuttings: Effects of auxin and family on rooting by hypocotyl cuttings","volume":"15","author":"Greenwood","year":"1995","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00384702","article-title":"Polar transport and accumulation of indole-3-acetic acid during root regeneration by Pinus lambertiana embryos","volume":"95","author":"Greenwood","year":"1970","journal-title":"Planta"}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/15\/6\/981\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T14:16:19Z","timestamp":1774275379000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/15\/6\/981"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["plants15060981"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants15060981","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]}}}