{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:03:09Z","timestamp":1792018989638,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study provides a comparative evaluation of two Salvia species, the widely cultivated Salvia sclarea L. and the comparatively underexplored wild species Salvia pratensis L., integrating phytochemical profiling, chemical safety assessment, and biological activity investigation. Dried hydroethanolic extracts and essential oils obtained from aerial parts were analysed. HPLC\u2013PDA analysis revealed distinct phenolic acid profiles, with S. sclarea characterized by higher levels of rosmarinic and protocatechuic acids, whereas S. pratensis contained greater amounts of hydroxycinnamic acids such as caffeic, p-coumaric, and ferulic acids. The total phenolic content was higher in S. pratensis (79.22 mg GAE\/g dry extract) than in S. sclarea (52.50 mg GAE\/g). GC\u2013MS analysis showed that the essential oil of S. sclarea was dominated by oxygenated monoterpenes, mainly linalyl acetate and linalool, while S. pratensis exhibited a linalool-rich profile accompanied by sesquiterpene derivatives. Chemical safety assessment indicated minimal contamination, with pesticide residues detected only in S. sclarea at levels below regulatory limits and low concentrations of cadmium and lead in both species. The extracts showed strong antioxidant activity (DPPH IC50 values of 6.67 \u00b5g\/mL for S. sclarea and 3.16 \u00b5g\/mL for S. pratensis) and moderate broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity (MIC 312.5\u20132500 \u00b5g\/mL). In vitro assays on HEK 293 and HaCaT cells confirmed low cytotoxicity, with no evidence of membrane damage or pro-inflammatory effects. Overall, the results highlight the significant bioactive potential of the less studied S. pratensis, demonstrating that this wild species represents a promising alternative source of natural antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds comparable to the widely cultivated S. sclarea.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15071038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T14:33:33Z","timestamp":1774622013000},"page":"1038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comparative Phytochemical Characterization, Biological Activities and Safety Assessment of Salvia pratensis L. and Salvia sclarea L."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9932-0463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Pan\u0163uroiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Titu Maiorescu University, Sincai Boulevard, No. 16, 040314 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2623-3307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mona Luciana","family":"G\u0103l\u0103\u0163anu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Titu Maiorescu University, Sincai Boulevard, No. 16, 040314 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sorina Nicoleta","family":"Voicu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independen\u021bei 91-95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilia","family":"P\u0103nu\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, Universitatii Street, No. 1, 900470 Constanta, Romania"},{"name":"Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Public Health Directorate Constanta, 89 Nicolae Iorga Street, 900587 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6373-1058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiza M\u0103d\u0103lina","family":"Cima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Titu Maiorescu University, Sincai Boulevard, No. 16, 040314 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4715-1423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei","family":"Bi\u0163\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen Marinela","family":"Mih\u0103ilescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Titu Maiorescu University, Sincai Boulevard, No. 16, 040314 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