{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T10:35:22Z","timestamp":1775039722350,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This four-year study assessed the nutritional profiles of fermented Chamerion angustifolium leaves from natural, organic, and biodynamic cultivation systems. Vitamins, pigments, and sugars were analyzed under standardized aerobic solid-state fermentation (SSF) for 24 and 48 h. Biodynamically grown leaves showed 42.7% and 49.7% higher \u03b2-carotene levels than organically and naturally grown leaves, while naturally grown leaves accumulated the most chlorophylls and total sugars. Organic cultivation promoted the highest vitamin C and L-ascorbic acid concentrations. Prolonged fermentation (48 h) significantly enhanced vitamin C (18.48%) and L-ascorbic acid (16.50%) only in naturally grown leaves. These findings demonstrate consistent cultivation-dependent nutritional trends and highlight the functional potential of fireweed leaves as bioactive ingredient carriers for functional foods, with applications in dairy products, beverages, and dietary supplements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15071074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T08:08:34Z","timestamp":1775030914000},"page":"1074","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distinct Nutritional Profiles of Fermented Chamerion angustifolium from Natural, Organic, and Biodynamic Cultivation Systems: Evidence from a Four-Year Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1744-7821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marius","family":"Lasinskas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biology and Food Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University Agriculture Academy, Donelaicio St. 58, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania"},{"name":"Bioeconomy Research Institute, Vytautas Magnus University Agriculture Academy, Donelaicio St. 58, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1827-3707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elvyra","family":"Jarien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biology and Food Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University Agriculture Academy, Donelaicio St. 58, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania"},{"name":"Bioeconomy Research Institute, Vytautas Magnus University Agriculture Academy, Donelaicio St. 58, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3764-1145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u016brat\u0117","family":"Staveckien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biology and Food Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University Agriculture Academy, Donelaicio St. 58, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania"},{"name":"Bioeconomy Research Institute, Vytautas Magnus University Agriculture Academy, Donelaicio St. 58, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1760-3612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jurgita","family":"Kulaitien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biology and Food Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University Agriculture Academy, Donelaicio St. 58, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania"},{"name":"Bioeconomy Research Institute, Vytautas Magnus University Agriculture Academy, Donelaicio St. 58, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0690-112","article-title":"Sustainable agriculture","volume":"262","author":"Reganold","year":"1990","journal-title":"Sci. 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