{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T10:23:22Z","timestamp":1790677402432,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Serbian Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation","award":["451-03-34\/2026-03\/200113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-34\/2026-03\/200113"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of eighteen different extracts derived from basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) leaves on spontaneous contractions, as well as contractions induced by potassium chloride (KCl) and acetylcholine in the ileum of rats, under in vitro conditions. The extracts were prepared with 96% v\/v, 80% v\/v, and 60% v\/v ethanol, and absolute (100%) v\/v, 80% v\/v, and 60% v\/v methanol, employing extraction techniques that included maceration, digestion, and sonication-assisted methods. Chemical characterization of the extracts revealed the presence of various phenolic acids, including rosmarinic, chlorogenic, caftaric, salvianolic acid B, cinnamic, caffeic, and chicoric acid, as well as flavonoids such as rutin and salvigenin. The evaluated extracts produced significant, concentration-dependent inhibitory effects on rat ileal contractions. Notably, the extract obtained via maceration with 80% methanol exhibited the most pronounced relaxant effects on spontaneous muscle contractions, achieving a maximum reduction of 46.16 \u00b1 2.11%. Furthermore, the extract prepared with the same solvent using sonication-assisted extraction demonstrated superior efficacy in diminishing both the frequency and amplitude of KCl-induced ileal contractions, reducing contraction intensity caused by elevated potassium ion levels to 59.48 \u00b1 3.34% at a maximum concentration of 1.5 mg\/mL, thereby indicating its potential as a potent calcium channel blocker. Additionally, the extract prepared with 60% methanol through sonication-assisted extraction resulted in the most substantial reduction of acetylcholine-induced ileal contractions, decreasing contraction intensity to 35.74 \u00b1 1.54% at the maximum concentration of 1.5 mg\/mL, which suggests a high level of neurophysiological activity. By comparing extracts with different phytochemical profiles, this study provides additional insight into how variations in phenolic composition may influence different mechanisms of smooth muscle relaxation. This study affirms the significant spasmolytic properties of basil leaf extracts, thereby supporting their potential application in the management of gastrointestinal motility disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15071079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T10:09:21Z","timestamp":1775038161000},"page":"1079","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Leaf Extracts on Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle Spasms: An In Vitro Study on Rat Ileum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6951-9957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milica","family":"Randjelovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Ave. Dr. Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000 Nis, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neboj\u0161a","family":"Simi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1814-9844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzana","family":"Brankovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Ave. Dr. Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000 Nis, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Kora\u0107evi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Ave. Dr. Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000 Nis, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0039-0929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milo\u0161","family":"Jovanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Ave. Dr. Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000 Nis, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1440-9257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nemanja","family":"Kiti\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Ave. Dr. Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000 Nis, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2880-6519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bojana","family":"Miladinovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Ave. Dr. Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000 Nis, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9895-3840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milica","family":"Milutinovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Ave. Dr. Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000 Nis, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8551-274X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Du\u0161anka","family":"Kiti\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Ave. Dr. Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000 Nis, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2020.1828456","article-title":"Chemical components and pharmacological benefits of basil (Ocimum basilicum): A review","volume":"23","author":"Shahrajabian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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