{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T21:31:48Z","timestamp":1788471108315,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42267073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42267073"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["42267073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42267073"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Challenge-Based Project","award":["2024JBGS0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JBGS0013"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015397","name":"Research Innovation Project for Postgraduate Students in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KC2025033B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KC2025033B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015397","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nabkhas are a common type of biogenic aeolian landform in arid and semi-arid regions. Their morphological characteristics, surface sediment grain size composition, and spatial distribution patterns can, to some extent, be associated with the interactions between vegetation and the aeolian environment. In this study, nabkhas formed around Caragana tibetica shrubs in the desert steppe of Damao Banner, Inner Mongolia, were selected as the research object. Based on field investigations, UAV image identification, grain size analysis, and spatial point pattern analysis, the characteristics of nabkhas were comparatively analyzed among a control plot without shrubs (CK) and three shrub-covered plots: a low coverage plot (LCP), a medium coverage plot (MCP), and a high coverage plot (HCP). The results showed that (1) some morphological parameters of nabkhas varied among plots with different vegetation cover, but the responses of various indicators were not entirely consistent. The MCP exhibited relatively higher values in indicators such as shrub long axis (Lg), short axis (Wg), and windward slope length (Ly). (2) The surface sediments of nabkhas were mainly composed of silt and fine sand, followed by very fine sand. Compared with the CK, the silt content was generally lower in the shrub-covered plots, whereas the contents of fine sand and very fine sand were higher. The mean grain size (Mz, \u03a6 value) tended to decrease, while the skewness (SKG) and kurtosis (KG) tended to increase, and the sorting coefficient (\u03c3G) showed relatively limited variation. (3) In the LCP, MCP, and HCP, the fractal dimension (D) was significantly positively correlated with the Mz and \u03c3G (p &lt; 0.05), and significantly negatively correlated with the SKG and KG (p &lt; 0.01), suggesting that the D may be associated with variations in sediment grain size structure. (4) Overall, the nabkhas around Caragana tibetica shrubs exhibited a spatial distribution pattern characterized by aggregation at small scales and randomness at large scales, with small-scale clustering being more evident in the MCP and HCP. In general, nabkhas around Caragana tibetica shrubs under different vegetation cover conditions showed observable differences in morphological characteristics, surface sediment grain size composition, and spatial distribution patterns, providing a comparative case reference for the study of nabkhas in desert steppe areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15081235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T07:48:12Z","timestamp":1776412092000},"page":"1235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Morphological Characteristics, Sediment Grain Size, and Spatial Distribution Patterns of Caragana tibetica Nabkhas in Desert Steppe"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yanlong","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Desert Control Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Engineering Ecology and Environment in Arid Area, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Hangjin Desert Ecological Position Research Station, Ordos 017400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Desert Control Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Engineering Ecology and Environment in Arid Area, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Desert Control Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Engineering Ecology and Environment in Arid Area, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minghui","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Forestry and Grassland Monitoring and Planning Institute, Hohhot 010020, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenliang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baotou Wetland Protection Center, Baotou 014000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Desert Control Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-1963(05)80002-3","article-title":"Nebkha dunes as indicators of wind erosion and land degradation in the Sahel zone of Burkina Faso","volume":"30","author":"Tengberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. 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